scholarly journals A risk-based evaluation of onsite, non-potable reuse systems developed in compliance with conventional water quality measures

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-344
Author(s):  
Mary E. Schoen ◽  
Michael A. Jahne ◽  
Jay Garland
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Quality Measures ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Treatment Performance

Abstract Water quality standards (WQSs) based on water quality measures (e.g., fecal indicator bacteria (FIB)) have been used by regulatory agencies to assess onsite, non-potable water reuse systems. A risk-based approach, based on quantitative microbial risk assessment, was developed to define treatment requirements that achieve benchmark levels of risk. This work compared these approaches using the predicted annual infection risks for non-potable reuse systems that comply with WQSs along with the benchmark risk levels achieved by the risk-based systems. The systems include a recirculating synthetic sand filter or an aerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) combined with disinfection. The greywater MBR system had predicted risks in the range of the selected benchmark levels. However, wastewater reuse with systems that comply with WQSs had uncertain and potentially high predicted risks (i.e., >10−2 infections per person per year) in residential applications, due to exposures to viruses and protozoa. The predicted risks illustrate that WQSs based on FIB treatment performance do not ensure adequate treatment removal of viruses and protozoa. We present risk-based log10 pathogen reduction targets for intermediate-sized non-potable systems, which are 0.5 log10 less than those previously proposed for district-sized systems. Still, pathogen treatment performance data are required to better manage non-potable reuse risk.

Wastewater Reuse for River Recovery in Semi-Arid Israel

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 43-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Juanico ◽  
Eran Friedler
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Pollution Impacts ◽  
Semi Arid

Most of the water has been captured in the rivers of Israel and they have turned into dry river-beds which deliver only sporadic winter floods. In a semi-arid country where literally every drop of water is used, reclaimed wastewater is the most feasible water source for river recovery. Two topics are addressed in this paper: water quality management in rivers where most of the flowing water is treated wastewater, and the allocations of reclaimed wastewater required for the recovery of rivers and streams. Water quality management must consider that the main source of water to the river has a pollution loading which reduces its capability to absorb other pollution impacts. The allocation of treated wastewater for the revival of rivers may not affect negatively the water balance of the region; it may eventually improve it. An upstream bruto allocation of 122 MCM/year of wastewater for the recovery of 14 rivers in Israel may favor downstream reuse of this wastewater, resulting in a small neto allocation and in an increase of the water resources available to the country. The discharge of effluents upstream to revive the river followed by their re-capture downstream for irrigation, implies a further stage in the intensification of water reuse.

scholarly journals Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse in Spain. Current Situation and Perspectives

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Jodar-Abellan ◽  
María Inmaculada López-Ortiz ◽  
Joaquín Melgarejo-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
European Union ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Water Planning ◽  
Structural Problem ◽  
The World ◽  
Access To Water

The issues of wastewater treatment and the reuse of water are of great importance, especially in areas where the shortage of conventional resources is a structural problem, as it is in the case of Spain. Wastewater reuse is a valid mechanism to avoid problems derived from droughts and water scarcity. It allows access to water resources in areas with water restrictions and to prevent futures scenarios, due to it being expected that water consumption will double by 2050 over the world. Thus, the likelihood that this unconventional, strategic resource would become scarce is unquestionable, particularly in cases where water planning and exploitation systems prioritize the preservation, protection, and improvement of water quality, as well as the sustainable and efficient use of natural resources. This paper shows how wastewater treatment and reuse are linked, as the reuse of wastewater is associated with a previous regeneration, and both of them are essential tools for maximizing environmental outcomes, as called for in the European Union Directives.

Source water impact model (SWIM) - a watershed guided approach as a new planing tool for indirect potable water reuse

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 267-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Drewes ◽  
P. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Distribution Data ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Impact Model ◽  
Water Impact ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
The Impact

The scope of this study was to develop a model to assess the impact of source water quality on reclaimed water used for indirect potable reuse. The source water impact model (SWIM) considered source water qualities, water supply distribution data, water use and the impact of wastewater treatment to calculate reclaimed water quality. It was applied for sulfate, chloride, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at four water reuse sites in Arizona and California. SWIM was able to differentiate between the amount of salts derived by drinking water sources and the amount added by consumers. At all sites, the magnitude of organic residuals in reclaimed water was strongly effected by the concentration of organics in corresponding water sources and effluent-derived organic matter. SWIM can be used as a tool to predict reclaimed water quality in existing or planned water reuse systems.

Water reuse in Israel - the Dan Region Project: evaluation of water quality and reliability of plant's operation

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Icekson-Tal ◽  
O. Avraham ◽  
J. Sack ◽  
H. Cikurel
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽  
Biofilm Growth ◽  
Reclamation Project

Israel is a semi-arid country with insufficient natural water resources. Wastewater effluent reuse and desalination have become the main source of water to compensate for the future water shortage. Today, between 65 and 70% of wastewater of urban and industrial origin is reused in agriculture after treatment in biological treatment plants around the country. The Dan Region Reclamation Project (Shafdan) is the largest wastewater treatment and reclamation project in Israel. 130 Mm3/yr of reclaimed water is used for unrestricted irrigation after soil aquifer treatment (SAT). Extensive water quality monitoring is performed to keep an efficient and safe wastewater reuse system. After 25 years of operation, the Shafdan deals with the following operational issues on an ongoing basis: Biofouling of the effluent pipelines from the wastewater treatment plant to the SAT, and a lack of capacity in the SAT system. Biofilm growth in the pipelines is controlled by intermittently applying chlorine based compounds at a 10 mg/L dosage for a few hours.

scholarly journals Quantification of human norovirus GII, human adenovirus, and fecal indicator organisms in wastewater used for irrigation in Accra, Ghana

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea I. Silverman ◽  
Mark O. Akrong ◽  
Philip Amoah ◽  
Pay Drechsel ◽  
Kara L. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Human Specific

Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is frequently used to estimate health risks associated with wastewater irrigation and requires pathogen concentration estimates as inputs. However, human pathogens, such as viruses, are rarely quantified in water samples, and simple relationships between fecal indicator bacteria and pathogen concentrations are used instead. To provide data that can be used to refine QMRA models of wastewater-fed agriculture in Accra, stream, drain, and waste stabilization pond waters used for irrigation were sampled and analyzed for concentrations of fecal indicator microorganisms (human-specific Bacteroidales, Escherichia coli, enterococci, thermotolerant coliform, and somatic and F+ coliphages) and two human viruses (adenovirus and norovirus genogroup II). E. coli concentrations in all samples exceeded limits suggested by the World Health Organization, and human-specific Bacteroidales was found in all but one sample, suggesting human fecal contamination. Human viruses were detected in 16 out of 20 samples, were quantified in 12, and contained 2–3 orders of magnitude more norovirus than predicted by norovirus to E. coli concentration ratios assumed in recent publications employing indicator-based QMRA. As wastewater irrigation can be beneficial for farmers and municipalities, these results should not discourage water reuse in agriculture, but provide motivation and targets for wastewater treatment before use on farms.

Reclaimed municipal wastewater - a potential water resource in China

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Pinjing ◽  
L. Phan ◽  
Gu Guowei ◽  
G. Hervouet
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Resource Shortage

Due to water resource shortage and socio-economic development within twenty years, China faces serious problems of water supply and water pollution. Several criteria and suitable reclamation processes related to water reuse have been created in China, which are helpful to improve the situation of water scarcity. In the future, reclaimed municipal wastewater reuse will mainly be developed for urban and industrial use. Potential supply quantity of reclaimed water, quality of reclaimed water, and reclamation cost are favorable to potential reuses. Based on further public environmental education, on a relevant development of national and local standards for reclaimed water quality, and on an increase of sanitary rate, more and more planned reclaimed water reuse projects would be expected in China.

Water Quality for Potable Reuse

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2171-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse

Denver's Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project is designed to examine the feasibility of converting secondary treated wastewater to potable water quality. A 1.0 mgd (44L/s) treatment plant began operation in 1985 and during the first three years many processes were evaluated. Data from the evaluation period was used to select the optimum treatment sequence which is now being used to produce samples for the two-year animal feeding health effects study now underway. Operation in this configuration will continue until early 1991 during which time comprehensive analytical studies will further define the water quality in relation to existing standards and Denver's current potable supply. A decision concerning the full-scale implementation of direct potable reuse will follow extensive analysis of the test results and in-depth economic evaluation.

scholarly journals Evaluation of pathogen risks using QMRA to explore wastewater reuse options: A case study from New Delhi in India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajashree Hajare ◽  
Pawan Labhasetwar ◽  
Pranav Nagarnaik
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Reuse Options

Abstract Selecting appropriate reuse for treated wastewater is a challenge. The current investigation outlines the utilization of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to assist Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) management to determine the best-possible reuse of treated wastewater from 11 ETPs in Delhi. Four representative pathogens: pathogenic E.coli spp., Salmonella spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. were selected to characterize microbial water quality. Reuse options selected based on the survey and interaction with ETP managers include crop-irrigation, garden-irrigation, toilet-flush and industrial applications. The probability-of-infection was characterized for two exposure groups: workers and children. Water quality monitoring indicates the occurrence of pathogenic E.coli spp (100%), Salmonella spp.(63%), Cryptosporidium spp. (81%) and Giardia spp. (45%) in the treated wastewater. QMRA reveals the annual median-probability of infection above acceptable limits for pathogenic E.coli spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Salmonella spp. The probabilities of Giardia-associated infections were low. Adults showed a 1.24 times higher probability of infection compared to children. Sensitivity analysis indicated pathogen concentration as the most critical factor. The study highlights that the existing plans for chlorination-based treatment technology may prove insufficient in reducing the risk for selected reuse options; but, alternate on-site control measures and up-grading water reuse protocol may be effective.

Opportunities and Challenges for Treated Wastewater Reuse in the West Bank, Tunisia, and Qatar

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1563-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne E. Dare ◽  
Rabi H. Mohtar ◽  
Chad T. Jafvert ◽  
Basem Shomar ◽  
Bernard Engel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
The West ◽  
Natural Treatment ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Technologies

Abstract. Harsh environment, severe aridity, and climate change create chronic water shortages in the Middle East. Technical challenges, socio-economic factors, and competing uses of water have escalated the difficulties in water planning at national and institutional levels. This research identifies opportunities and challenges associated with wastewater treatment systems and the potential for wastewater reuse in the West Bank, Tunisia, and Qatar through the following objectives: (1) identify the factors associated with successful and unsuccessful reuse schemes, (2) compare treated wastewater quality with end use application of treated wastewater, and (3) identify the governance and social challenges preventing the use of treated wastewater, specifically in agricultural applications. Water quality analyses and consultations with farmers, local stakeholders, and water and agriculture experts were conducted. Opportunities and challenges for treated wastewater reuse in agriculture are identified as the proximity of the treatment facility to agricultural areas, water quality, and motivation of farmers. With proper maintenance and appropriate monitoring, the modest (natural) treatment facilities in the West Bank and secondary treatment technologies in Tunisia are capable of producing effluent safe for use in production of certain agricultural products; however, in Qatar, despite massive investments in producing high-quality treated wastewater using advanced treatment technologies, there is little demand. Water policies, laws and acts, and action plans are urgently needed to be coupled and integrated for implementation. Keywords: Arid lands, Food security, MENA, Wastewater treatment, Water reuse.

Denver's Demonstration of Potable Water Reuse: Water Quality and Health Effects Testing

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1555-1564 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Rogers ◽  
W. C. Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
International Standards ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Product Water

The product water of the Denver (Colorado) Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Plant is compared to national and international standards for drinking water quality and with the high quality of the present drinking water supply. For parameters which cannot be analyzed or quantified, health effects testing is performed on concentrates of the existing and the innovative supplies. In order to determine relative risk, the health effects are assessed using the measures of chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. For measurable constituents, the potable reuse product water equals or exceeds the high quality of Denver's existing drinking water. The preliminary results of the health effects testing demonstrate no health effects associated with either water. Potable reuse is shown to be an acceptable alternative water source which should be evaluated with other traditional supplies.

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