scholarly journals Groundwater chemistry and health risks associated with nitrate intake in Hailun, northeast China

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033-1049
Author(s):  
Tian Hui ◽  
Sun Qifa ◽  
Kang Zhuang ◽  
Li Xuguang ◽  
Du Jizhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Weakly Alkaline ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Nitrate Intake

Abstract In order to quantify the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in Hailun, analyze the hydrochemical process, and evaluate its health risks associated with nitrate intake, 77 shallow groundwater samples were collected and analyzed. The results show that groundwater in the study area is weakly acidic and groundwater chemical type was dominated by HCO3-Ca, HCO3•Cl-Ca, HCO3-Ca•Na and HCO3•Cl-Ca•Na. Rock weathering and dissolution, ion exchange, and human activities are the main reasons affecting the chemical composition of shallow groundwater in Hailun. The weathering and dissolution process of silicate under weakly alkaline conditions is the source of Na. The dissolution of calcite, dolomite, and gypsum are the main form of water–rock interaction. Results of health risk assessment show that the HQ value for adult males, adult females, children, and infants were in range of 0–1.52, 0–1.75, 0–3.58 and 0–6.08, respectively, and with a mean value of 0.19, 0.22, 0.44, 0.75, respectively. The harm of NO3 pollution is in the order of infant > child > adult female > adult male. The results of this study made local governments pay attention to drinking water safety issues for local residents.

scholarly journals Quality Assessments of Shallow Groundwaters for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes: Insights from a Case Study (Jinta Basin, Heihe Drainage Area, Northwest China)

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianguo Feng ◽  
Hao Sun ◽  
Minghao He ◽  
Zongjun Gao ◽  
Jiutan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Weakly Alkaline ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Evaporative Concentration ◽  
Major Factors

This study aimed to determine the hydrochemical characteristics and hydrogeochemical processes of shallow groundwater in the Jinta Basin, northwest China, and to evaluate the suitability of groundwater quality for drinking water and agricultural irrigation. A systematic hydrogeological survey was conducted in the study area from May 2017 to October 2018, during which 123 representative samples of groundwater were selected for analysis of chemical parameters and determination of the water quality index. The results showed that the pH of groundwater in the study area was weakly alkaline and ranged between 7.21–8.93. Dominant cations were Mg2+ and Na+ and the dominant anion was SO42−. Along the groundwater flow from the southwest to northeast, the dominant groundwater chemistry type in the recharge area was Mg-HCO3·SO4. After the transition of the groundwater types in the runoff area to Mg-SO4·HCO3 and Mg·Na-SO4, the groundwater type in the discharge area evolved into Na·Mg-SO4·Cl. The major factors driving the evolution of groundwater chemical types in the Jinta Basin were found to be rock weathering, evaporation and precipitation. The chemical components of groundwater mainly originated from the dissolution of silicate rock and evaporative concentration of salt under water-rock interaction, whereas the dissolution of carbonate had little influence. The quality of drinking water was divided into five groups, and 39.84% of samples fell within the high and good quality groups. The quality of agricultural irrigation water was divided into different grades according to different methods.

Safety Issues Concerning Robotic Welding of Large Elements

2015 ◽  
Vol 220-221 ◽  
pp. 818-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech J. Klimasara ◽  
Zbigniew Pilat ◽  
Marcin Słowikowski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Occupational Safety ◽  
High Heat ◽  
Robotic Welding ◽  
European Directives ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
High Heat Capacity ◽  
Welding Processes

Robotic welding of large elements poses significant difficulties regarding the technological process, robot functions and the safety of the operator and other people. The health risks involved arise out of the weight of elements, high heat capacity, harmful gases and fumes. Under the Eureka project, the PIAP team is developing a model of a robotized cell designed mainly for welding large elements. Occupational safety is of paramount importance and hence is a constructive discussion on occupational health risk factors. The replacement of human workers with robots on assembly nests, especially in SMEs, eliminates the exposure of workers to hazard, but is focused on a reduction in employment rather than in significant improvements to the workplace. The paper analyzes and discusses European safety regulations contained in the European directives and applicable EN standards. Appropriate safety programs of diverse welding processes and materials to be implemented by designers and suppliers of robotic welding stations and lines, as well as by the users thereof, will be indicated.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Utilization of Seawater in China: A Description of the Present Situation, Restrictive Factors and Potential Countermeasures

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuxin Gong ◽  
Hongrui Wang ◽  
Zhongfan Zhu ◽  
Qijie Bai ◽  
Cheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Comprehensive Utilization ◽  
Development And Utilization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Restrictive Factors ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Global Mean

China is a maritime power. However, as its economy develops rapidly, China lacks freshwater resources. The water resources per capita are low in China and are less than a quarter of the global mean value. The development and utilization of desalination, a new unconventional water resource in coastal areas, has gradually attracted the attention of the central and local governments. This paper introduces three aspects of the comprehensive utilization of seawater in China, including the desalination of seawater, the direct use of seawater, and the use of seawater as a chemical resource. Based on the recent status (2017) of comprehensive seawater utilization in China, the prospects for optimizing the utilization of seawater resources are presented. Furthermore, the restrictive factors and potential countermeasures for the increased use of seawater desalination are investigated. Several recommendations are presented, specifically, improving the laws, using regulations and standards related to desalination, strengthening the policies that support enterprises that use desalination, gradually improving the localization rate of key technologies and equipment, and devoting additional attention to the problems associated with brine processing. Seawater is expected to become an important supplemental source of water in coastal areas of China, and the resources needed for its use will be developed as a strategic and influential industry.

scholarly journals Strontium isotope geochemistry of alluvial groundwater: a tracer for groundwater resources characterisation

2004 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-972 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Négrel ◽  
E. Petelet-Giraud ◽  
D. Widory
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Isotopic Ratio ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Shallow Groundwater ◽  
Alluvial Aquifer ◽  
Strontium Isotope ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Massif Central ◽  
Alluvial Aquifers

Abstract. This study presents strontium isotope and major ion data of shallow groundwater and river water from the Ile du Chambon catchment, located on the Allier river in the Massif Central (France). There are large variations in the major-element contents in the surface- and groundwater. Plotting of Na vs. Cl contents and Ca, Mg, NO3, K, SO4, HCO3, Sr concentrations reflect water–rock interaction (carbonate dissolution for Ca, Mg, HCO3 and Sr because the bedrock contains marly limestones), agricultural input (farming and fertilising) and sewage effluents (for NO3, K, SO4), although some water samples are unpolluted. Sr contents and isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr vary from 0.70892 to 0.71180 along the hydrological cycle) in the groundwater agree with previous work on groundwater in alluvial aquifers in the Loire catchment. The data plot along three directions in a 87Sr/86Sr v. 1/Sr diagram as a result of mixing, involving at least three geochemical signatures–Allier river water, and two distinct signatures that might be related to different water-rock interactions in the catchment. Mixing proportions are calculated and discussed. The alluvial aquifer of the Ile du Chambon catchment is considered, within the Sr isotope systematic, in a larger scheme that includes several alluvial aquifers of the Loire Allier catchment. Keywords: : Loire river, major and trace elements, Sr isotopic ratio, alluvial aquifer, hydrology

A rule-based fuzzy-set approach to risk analysis of nitrate-contaminated groundwater

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Dahab ◽  
Y. W. Lee ◽  
Istvan Bogardi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Human Gastric Cancer ◽  
Assessment Methodology ◽  
Nitrate Intake ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Risk Assessment Methodology

Groundwater nitrate contamination has been a subject of concern because nitrate salts can induce infant methemoglobinemia and possibly human gastric cancer. In general, nitrates in drinking water may not be the main component of total nitrate intake, but nitrate-contaminated drinking water can make an important contribution to total nitrate intake. In this paper, a nitrate risk-assessment methodology is developed to assist decision makers in estimating human health risks corresponding to a particular nitrate dose to humans and in determining whether regulatory action must be taken to reduce the health risks. The case of a community with a nitrate water quality problem is used to illustrate the nitrate risk assessment methodology. The uncertainty associated with assessing health risks of nitrate and its impact on results are represented by using a fuzzy-set approach and incorporated into the nitrate risk assessment methodology. Therefore, a nitrate risk assessment can be made that is more realistic and appropriate than the one made without taking uncertainty into account.

Empowering rural communities: simple Water Safety Plans

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Hasan ◽  
A. Hicking ◽  
J. David
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Marshall Islands ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Drinking Water Safety ◽  
Pacific Island Countries ◽  
The Republic

Every year 2800 deaths in Pacific island countries result from diarrhoea, and most are children under five years of age. These tragic diarrheal deaths are preventable as they are often linked to unsafe water, lack of proper sanitation facilities and poor hygienic practices. Effective preventive management through the framework of a drinking Water Safety Plan (WSP) is an efficient mechanism for ensuring the safe quality of drinking water thereby reducing the burden of water related diseases. The large proportion (81%) of people in Pacific island countries living in rural or outer island communities mostly have their own water supply (for example rainwater tanks or hand-dug wells), and often the water is consumed untreated. The remoteness and isolation of these rural communities prevent national surveillance authorities to regularly visit and provide advice on drinking water safety issues. In such circumstances empowering rural communities to ensure the safety of their drinking water, through trained local facilitators, could be promoted and utilised effectively. However, WSPs for rural communities have to be relatively simple hence tools such as modified sanitary inspections and the presence/absence hydrogen sulfide test could be used. The approach of empowering communities through trained local facilitators to promote the WSP framework has been implemented in the Republic of Marshall Islands (RMI). Positive feedback has been received by trained facilitators in RMI on the use of modified sanitary inspections (translated into Marshallese) and the hydrogen sulfide test. It is believed that the approach of empowering communities on WSPs through training local facilitators and equipping them with the above mentioned simple tools is effective and has potential for further replication in rural Pacific communities to improve drinking water quality and reduce the burden of water related diseases.

Practical Safety Tool for Local Low-Volume Rural Roads: The Road Safety Audit Review

2003 ◽  
Vol 1819 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene M. Wilson ◽  
Martin E. Lipinski
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Transportation Safety ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Audit Review ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rural Road ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Road Safety Audit

Practical tools for improving transportation safety are needed worldwide. It has been estimated that motor vehicle–related crashes account for more than 1 million fatalities each year, and the number of serious injuries far exceeds fatalities. Local and low-volume roads are significantly overrepresented in crash statistics. Globally, the road safety audit (RSA) concept has been recognized as an effective tool in identifying and reducing the crash potential of roadways when used to analyze the safety aspects of project plans and designs before completion. In the local rural road arena, many safety issues are associated with existing roadway networks. Many of these networks have developed over time with little or no planning or design. There is a critical need for a practical tool that focuses on the safety of the existing as-built local road network. The RSA review (RSAR) process has been developed for this purpose, giving specific recognition to the functionality of the road being evaluated for safety issues. Significant numbers of safety improvements are needed, and practical approaches to address these needs are crucial. The RSAR tool has the potential to be particularly beneficial to local governments in systematically addressing safety deficiencies on existing rural road networks. In addition, it is a proactive safety tool that has the potential to protect agencies from tort liability since it establishes a record of the organization’s safety agenda. An RSAR methodology that can be adapted by local agencies is presented. A case study illustrating the application of this process is included. Also highlighted is a local rural training program that has been presented in several states for county applications. The focus is on U.S. county applications, but it is recognized that the process has utility for other agencies and has application in other countries. The necessity for training as a key component in the development of a sustainable safety program is emphasized.

scholarly journals The gene therapy journey for hemophilia: are we there yet?

Hematology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (1) ◽  
pp. 375-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. High
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Clinical Investigation ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Moderate Disease ◽  
Severe Liver Disease ◽  
Landmark Study

Abstract Since the isolation and characterization of the genes for FVIII and FIX some 30 years ago, a longstanding goal of the field has been development of successful gene therapy for the hemophilias. In a landmark study published in 2011, Nathwani et al demonstrated successful conversion of severe hemophilia B to mild or moderate disease in 6 adult males who underwent intravenous infusion of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector expressing factor IX. These 6 subjects have now exhibited expression of FIX at levels ranging from 1% to 6% of normal for periods of > 2 years. This review discusses obstacles that were overcome to reach this goal and the next steps in clinical investigation. Safety issues that will need to be addressed before more widespread use of this approach are discussed. Efforts to extend AAV-mediated gene therapy to hemophilia A, and alternate approaches that may be useful for persons with severe liver disease, who may not be candidates for gene transfer to liver, are also discussed.

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