scholarly journals Simultaneous removal of rotavirus and adenovirus from artificial ground water using hydrochar derived from swine feces

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 754-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Chung ◽  
M. Breulmann ◽  
A. Clemens ◽  
C. Fühner ◽  
J. W. Foppen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Simultaneous Removal ◽  
Sand Column ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Swine Feces ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Fecal Waste

Hydrothermal carbonization technology can convert fecal waste into a valuable carbonaceous product referred to as hydrochar. We investigated the potential of fecal waste-derived hydrochar as an adsorbent for virus removal in water treatment. Swine feces was hydrothermally treated under two conditions: at 180 °C for 2 h and 230 °C for 7 h. The resulting solid products (hydrochar) were evaluated as virus adsorbents in water treatment. Simultaneous removal of pathogenic rotavirus (RV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) was investigated using a sand column set-up of 10 cm bed height with and without hydrochar supplement (1.5%, w/w). The removal efficiency of both viruses in a hydrochar-amended column was >3 log (complete removal). The amount of virus released in deionized water when flushed into the virus-retaining columns indicated that the secondary energy minimum played a more important role in RV retention than that of HAdV. Zeta-potential and hydrophobicity measurements on hydrochar materials indicated that the improved virus removal performance of hydrochar-amended columns was induced by the provision of extra hydrophobic surfaces. This study provides evidence that fecal waste-derived hydrochar can be used as a competent virus adsorbent.

scholarly journals Characterization of hydrochars produced by hydrothermal carbonization of rice husk

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kalderis ◽  
M. S. Kotti ◽  
A. Méndez ◽  
G. Gascó
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Carbon Recovery ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Technical Terms

Abstract. Biochar is the carbon-rich product obtained when biomass, such as wood, manure or leaves, is heated in a closed container with little or no available air. In more technical terms, biochar is produced by so-called thermal decomposition of organic material under limited supply of oxygen (O2), and at relatively low temperatures (< 700 °C). Hydrochar differentiates from biochar because it is produced in an aqueous environment, at lower temperatures and longer retention times. This work describes the production of hydrochar from rice husks using a simple, safe and environmentally friendly experimental set-up, previously used for degradation of various wastewaters. Hydrochars were obtained at 200 °C and 300 °C and at residence times ranging from 2 to 16 h. All samples were then characterized in terms of yield, surface area, pH, conductivity and elemental analysis, and two of them were selected for further testing with respect to heating values and heavy metal content. The surface area was low for all hydrochars, indicating that porous structure was not developed during treatment. The hydrochar obtained at 300 °C and 6 h residence times showed a predicted higher heating value of 17.8 MJ kg−1, a fixed carbon content of 46.5% and a fixed carbon recovery of 113%, indicating a promising behaviour as a fuel.

scholarly journals The impact of hydrothermal carbonization on the surface functionalities of wet waste materials for water treatment applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (19) ◽  
pp. 24369-24379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirva Niinipuu ◽  
Kenneth G. Latham ◽  
Jean-François Boily ◽  
Magnus Bergknut ◽  
Stina Jansson
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
The Impact

Rationale for Ballast Water Treatment Standards to Minimize Translocation of Unwanted Species

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas D. Waite
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Treatment Standards ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment ◽  
Management Plans ◽  
Water Management Plans

The transfer of unwanted species via ships' ballast water has become recognized as a major problem worldwide. Thousands of species of plants and animals are transported around the world daily, and colonization leading to infestations of many species has been well documented. Individual countries as well as international regulatory agencies are currently attempting to manage this transport of unwanted species. Currently, ships are required to have ballast water management plans in place, and the only accepted management option is open-ocean ballast water exchange. Due to the limitations of this option, ship-board treatment techniques need to be developed, but, treatment goals and standards currently do not exist. This paper proposes a rational for establishing ballast water treatment standards, so that ship-board technologies can be developed. Specifically, this paper demonstrates that by carefully evaluating past invasions, a group of organisms can be identified which pose a documentable risk of invasion. This group can then be classified by several common parameters, e.g., size, which allows for establishment of treatment options. It is then shown that the most rational standards are those mandating complete removal of high risk organisms, rather that a percentage removal of all organisms.

Morphology, composition and performance of a ceramic filter for household water treatment in Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Matthies ◽  
H. Bitter ◽  
N. Deobald ◽  
M. Heinle ◽  
R. Diedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
World Health ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Governmental Organization ◽  
Virus Removal ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Health Organization

People in rural developing areas often depend on point-of-use water treatment for safe drinking water. A very popular and efficient technology for this is the use of ceramic filters, as promoted by the non-governmental organization Potters for Peace. These filters are already used in many countries worldwide, including Indonesia, where they are manufactured in Bandung, Java by Pelita Indonesia. The filters are made of local clay and combustible material, and coated with silver after firing. However, data available on them are very scarce. The structure, composition, and physico-chemical and microbiological performance of the filter were examined. Pore sizes mostly ranged from 1 to 40 µm and flow rate was about 1.3 L/h. Silver, arsenic and manganese were leaching from the filter in remarkable concentrations. While values for silver were about 0.01–0.02 mg/L, manganese was washed out after a few liters and leaching of arsenic fell below 0.02 mg/L after filtering some liters. With a log reduction of 3–5, efficiency in bacteria reduction was satisfactory in contrast to virus removal which was not sufficient according to the World Health Organization guidelines, with a log reduction below 1.

Sustainable waste mitigation: biotemplated nanostructured ZnO for photocatalytic water treatment via extraction of biofuels from hydrothermal carbonization of banana stalk

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (95) ◽  
pp. 92813-92823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayush Upneja ◽  
Guolan Dou ◽  
Chitanya Gopu ◽  
Carol A. Johnson ◽  
Anna Newman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Intrinsic Value ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Food Energy

Working at the food-energy-water nexus, we identified an abundant agricultural waste with little intrinsic value – banana stalk – that can be converted to biofuels and a template for water treatment materials via hydrothermal carbonization.

Enhanced effectiveness of medium-pressure ultraviolet lamps on human adenovirus 2 and its possible mechanism

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 851-857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwy-Am Shin ◽  
Jung-Keun Lee ◽  
Karl G. Linden
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Uv Disinfection ◽  
Medium Pressure ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Uv Technology

There has been growing concern over human exposure to adenoviruses through drinking water due to their apparent high resistance to UV irradiation and the anticipated widespread use of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection in drinking water treatment processes. However, most inactivation studies on adenoviruses were performed using only one type of UV technology—low-pressure (LP) UV, and little is known about the effectiveness of different UV technologies such as medium- pressure (MP) UV or other polychromatic UV technologies. In this work, the kinetics and extent of inactivation of a human adenovirus (adenovirus 2 (Ad2)) by both monochromatic LP and polychromatic MP UV were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of these UV technologies on human adenoviruses. Inactivation of Ad2 by LP UV was very slow and only 0.87 and 2.17 log10 inactivation was achieved with UV doses of 30 and 90 mJ/cm2, respectively. However, inactivation of Ad2 by MP UV was much faster and 2.19 and 5.36 log10 inactivation was observed with the same UV doses (30 and 90 mJ/cm2, respectively). It appears that MP UV is more effective against Ad2 than LP UV and the enhanced effectiveness of MP UV on Ad2 is likely due to its ability to inhibit the repair process in UV-irradiated Ad2.

A memory system in Octopus vulgaris Lamarck

1955 ◽  
Vol 143 (913) ◽  
pp. 449-480 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Lobe ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Octopus Vulgaris ◽  
Partial Removal ◽  
Retinal Surface ◽  
Optic Lobes ◽  
Neural Activities ◽  
Inhibitory Region ◽  
Set Up

An octopus that has attacked a crab shown with a square and received a shock rapidly learns not to attack when this situation appears again, while continuing to attack crabs shown alone. The memory preventing attack on crabs shown with a white square may last for 2 or 3 days if the crab and square are not shown during that period. If the situation is shown three times a day the memory may last for 6 days or longer. The memory is not erased by anaesthesia nor by electrical stimulation of the supra-oesophageal lobes. After complete removal of the vertical lobe, or of the medial superior frontal lobe, or section of the tract between the two, the memory preventing attack is lost and cannot again be acquired. Animals operated in this way attack a crab and square if shown at 2-hourly intervals in spite of the numerous shocks they receive. A transitory memory lasting a few minutes can still be set up if the frequency of presentation is increased to about once every 5 min. Partial removal of the vertical lobe system does not interrupt the memory. A memory set up by the use of one eye is not abolished if the optic lobe of that side is later removed. The memory is not interrupted by slashes in both optic lobes. After lesions to the lateral parts of the superior frontal lobes an octopus makes few or no further attacks on crabs, unless these are placed close to the animal. The effect of such an operation is to upset the balance of central neural activities in such a way that a region responsible for inhibiting attacks on distant objects assumes control. This inhibitory region may be the first subvertical lobe, whose action is normally balanced by the lateral superior frontal lobes and the vertical lobe. The tangle of fibre bundles within the optic lobes allows for a wide degree of interaction between impulses arriving from different parts of the retinal surface. In addition, these lobes receive afferent fibres from the arms. They thus provide a system within which associations between given sets of inputs can be set up in such a way as to ensure that there is no attack when a similar set of inputs occurs again. Further plexiform arrangements are found in the pathway from the optic to the superior frontal lobes and from the latter to the vertical lobe. These plexuses make possible the interaction in each succeeding lobe of impulses arriving from distant parts of the preceding lobe. Each lobe can thus serve to record the pattern of associations present in the previous one. Since the arrangement is circular the pattern originating in the optic lobe is then re-presented back to it. It is suggested that the vertical lobe system serves to prolong memories set up in the optic lobes by re-presenting them from within, and thus allowing them to persist for long enough to produce some change of a more permanent nature.

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