scholarly journals Correlation between water hardness and cardiovascular diseases in Mostar city, Bosnia and Herzegovina

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevenka J. Knezović ◽  
Mustafa Memić ◽  
Mirela Mabić ◽  
Jasna Huremović ◽  
Ivanka Mikulić
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Population Group ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The aim of this study was to determine the association of cardiovascular disease (CVD) of selected human subjects with the hardness of water they consume. Laboratory testing of physical and chemical parameters of water were made using standardized methods: Standard Methods 19th edn, 1995 (APHA, AWWA & WEF, Washington, DC), and ISO 7888:1985, ISO 10523:1998. Pearson's chi-squared test was used for the statistical analysis of data, with the significance level of 0.05. The obtained data were analysed using the statistical program SPSS 16.0. The study sample consisted of 1,021 individuals divided into two groups: soft water consumers, 603 individuals, and, hard water consumers, 618 individuals. Results indicate that a statistically significant (χ2 = 5.315; df = 1; p = 0.021) number of individuals with CVD drink soft water. The prevalence of CVD in the age group 45–60 years in the study area where soft water is consumed was 21.3% and in the study area where hard water is consumed the prevalence of CVD was 13.7%. The summary results indicate significant correlation between the prevalence of CVD in the population group who drink soft water. The value of the relative risk is 1.127.

Influence of Water Chemistry on Size Structure of Zooplankton Assemblages

1990 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 1937-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan J. Tessier ◽  
Richard J. Horwitz
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Significant Variation ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Influence Of Water ◽  
Physical And Chemical

A stratified-random selection of all lakes in the northeastern United States was sampled for zooplankton composition, and physical and chemical characteristics during midsummer 1986. In all, 146 lakes were sampled from five geographic subregions and three categories of water alkalinity. There was no significant variation in total zooplankton abundance among regions or alkalinity categories; however, the body-size structure of assemblages was dependent on both alkalinity and geographic subregion. The largest change in size structure occurred at alkalinity levels > 150 μeq∙L−1 and pH > 7.0, and appeared less related to change in pH than to variation in water hardness. This shift of size structure was caused by a loss of large-bodied zooplankton and an increase in small rotifers with decreasing water hardness. Exploratory analysis revealed that lake stratification also explained significant variation in zooplankton size structure, but was largely independent of the effects of water chemistry. We hypothesize that the association of large zooplankton with hard water is casual; large-bodied cladocerans may require high calcium levels.

The physiological responses of the rainbow trout to strenuous exercise: interactions of water hardness and environmental acidity

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3153-3164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Graham ◽  
Chris M. Wood ◽  
Jeffrey D. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Exercise Stress ◽  
Strenuous Exercise ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Acid Ph

Cannulated adult rainbow trout were subjected to 6 min of exercise stress in four different water conditions: hard water ([Formula: see text] as CaCO3), control pH ([Formula: see text]); artificial soft water [Formula: see text], control pH; hard water, acid pH [Formula: see text]; and artificial soft water, acid pH. Physiological changes and postexercise mortalities were monitored over a 12-h recovery period. The physiological responses to exercise stress were qualitatively similar in all treatments and are discussed in detail. At control pH, water hardness had minimal influence on the magnitude of physiological response and postexercise mortality. When fish were exercised in hard water at acid pH, the symptoms of postexercise acidosis were actually ameliorated slightly and there was no increase in mortality. However, acid exposure in soft water greatly exacerbated most of the postexercise disturbances and caused a doubling of mortality.

AN EFFECT OF WATER HARDNESS IN THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF THE RAINBOW TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERII RICHARDSON

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 825-830 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Craigie
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stress ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Testing Medium ◽  
History Of

Two groups of Salmo gairdnerii were reared from fertilization in hard and soft waters, and the thermal resistance of the yearling trout was measured for both groups in soft and saline waters at 27, 28, and 29 °C. In all cases a history of rearing in soft water resulted in a greater resistance to thermal stress than did a history of rearing in hard water. Increased salinity of the testing medium resulted in an increase in thermal resistance.

ANALISIS HUBUNGAN BIAYA PROMOSI DENGAN PENDAPATAN PADA PT. BANK XYZ

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90
Author(s):  
Murwani Wulansari ◽  
Yunidyawati Azlina
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Statistical Program

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of promotion costs on income at PT. Bank XYZ. The study was conducted by linear regression that was processed by means of statistical program SPSS16.00. The analysis shows the regression equation as follows: Y = -162982.754 + 247.964X. The result of research shows that there is influence between variable X that is promotion cost with variable Y that is income. However, the effectis not significant because the p-value 0.216 is greater than the 0.05 significance level. Keywords: biaya promosi, penjualan

scholarly journals Perioperative Complications of Surgery for Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: A Comparison Between 3 Procedures

2021 ◽  
pp. 219256822199830
Author(s):  
Mohamed Kamal Mesregah ◽  
Blake Formanek ◽  
John C. Liu ◽  
Zorica Buser ◽  
Jeffrey C. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Cervical Myelopathy ◽  
Perioperative Complications ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Retrospective Comparative Study ◽  
Posterior Laminectomy ◽  
Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy ◽  
New Onset

Study Design: Retrospective comparative study. Objectives: To compare the perioperative complications of propensity score-matched cohorts of patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), who were treated with anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), posterior laminectomy with fusion, or laminoplasty. Methods: The Humana PearlDiver Patient Record Database was queried using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9 and ICD-10) and the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. Propensity score-matched analysis was done using multiple Chi-squared tests with Bonferroni correction of the significance level. Results: Cohorts of 11,790 patients who had ACDF, 2,257 patients who had posterior laminectomy with fusion, and 477 patients who had laminoplasty, were identified. After propensity score matching, all the 3 groups included 464 patients. The incidence of dysphagia increased significantly following ACDF compared to laminoplasty, P < 0.001, and in laminectomy with fusion compared to laminoplasty, P < 0.001. The incidence of new-onset cervicalgia was higher in ACDF compared to laminoplasty, P = 0.005, and in laminectomy with fusion compared to laminoplasty, P = 0.004. The incidence of limb paralysis increased significantly in laminectomy with fusion compared to ACDF, P = 0.002. The revision rate at 1 year increased significantly in laminectomy with fusion compared to laminoplasty, P < 0.001, and in ACDF compared to laminoplasty, P < 0.001. Conclusions: The incidence of dysphagia following laminectomy with fusion was not different compared to ACDF. Postoperative new-onset cervicalgia and revisions were least common in laminoplasty. The highest rate of postoperative limb paralysis was noticed in laminectomy with fusion.

scholarly journals Insecticidal effects of insecticide, fungicide, complex fertilizer and wetting agent combinations depending on water hardness

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slavica Vukovic ◽  
Dusanka Indjic ◽  
Vojislava Bursic ◽  
Dragana Sunjka ◽  
Mila Grahovac
Keyword(s):  
Colorado Potato Beetle ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Potato Beetle ◽  
Novi Sad

Simultaneous occurrence of different harmful species in agricultural practice necessitates that different plant protection chemicals be applied at the same time (tank mix). Mix components differ in purpose, mode of action and/or formulation, while addition of no pesticide components (complex fertilizers, adjuvant and wetting agents) is widely practiced today. However, data concerning the effects of water quality used for preparation of working liquids on the biological effects of pesticides is still scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine insecticidal effects as depending on components used in mixes and water hardness. The effects of mixtures of thiametoxam (Actara 25-WG 0,07kg/ha) with azoxystrobin (Quadris 0.75 l/ha), mancozeb (Dithane M-70 2.5 kg/ha), a complex fertilizer (Mortonijc plus 3 kg/ha) and a wetting agent (Silwet L-77), depending on the components and water hardness (slightly hard (15.4 d?) - tap water from Novi Sad, and very hard (34.7 d?) - well water from Adica, a Novi Sad suburb), were determined in a bioassay based on adult mortality rate of the first generation of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). The mixtures were applied by a flooding method. The trial was set up to include four replications. Insecticidal effects were determined 24 h and 48 h after exposure. Thiametoxam effectiveness 24 h and 48 h after application in slightly hard water was 100% when the insecticide was applied alone and in double and triple mixes with the fungicides, complex fertilizer and wetting agent, showing no dependency on mix components. The tested adult population of Colorado potato beetle demonstrated high susceptibility to thiametoxam, while the other components had no impact in slightly hard water. In very hard water, 24 h after application, the insecticidal effect had the same level of significance to thiametoxam in double and triple mixes, with an exception of thiametoxam+mancozeb+Mortonijc plus and thiametoxam+mancozeb+wetting agent combinations, which showed significantly lower efficacy. After 48 h, substantially lower effectiveness, in comparison with the sole insecticide and other combinations, was only observed in thiametoksam+mancozeb+Mortonjic plus combination. Significantly lower efficacy of that combination is probably due to an incompatibility of the macozeb preparation and the complex fertilizer containing boron (B), which was evidenced only in very hard water.

scholarly journals Data mining untuk memprediksi prestasi siswa berdasarkan sosial ekonomi, motivasi, kedisiplinan dan prestasi masa lalu

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heri Susanto ◽  
Sudiyatno Sudiyatno
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Decision Tree ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Predictive Analysis ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Achievement Prediction ◽  
Interaction Detection ◽  
Chi Squared

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat prediksi prestasi belajar siswa berdasarkan status sosial ekonomi orang tua, motivasi, kedisiplinan siswa dan prestasi masa lalu menggunakan metode data mining dengan algoritma J48. Sebagai perbandingan, data penelitian dianalisis juga dengan CHAID (Chi Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) dan regresi ganda. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif. Subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa tingkat X SMK Negeri 4 Surakarta berjumlah 416 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi dan angket. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa analisis prediksi menggunakan decision tree algoritma J48 memiliki akurasi sebesar 95,7%, sedangkan analisis prediksi menggunakan CHAID memiliki tingat akurasi 82,1% dan analisis regresi ganda menghasilkan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 90,6%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut bisa disimpulkan bahwa metode J48 lebih baik dibandingkan dengan metode CHAID dan regresi ganda. DATA MINING TO PREDICT STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENT BASED ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC, MOTIVATION, DISCIPLINE AND ACHIEVEMENT OF THE PASTAbstractThis study aims to make student achievement prediction based on socio-economic status of parents, motivation, discipline students and past achievements using data mining methods with the J48 algorithm. For comparison, the data were analyzed also with CHAID (Chi Squared Automatic Interaction Detection) and multiple regression. The research approach is quantitative. The subjects of this study were student-first level at SMK Negeri 4 Surakarta totaled 416 students. Data collection techniques used are documentation and questionnaires. The results showed that the predictive analysis using J48 decision tree algorithm has an accuracy of 95.7%, while the predictive analysis using CHAID has the rank of an accuracy of 82.1% and a multiple regression analysis resulted in a significance level of 90.6%. Based on these results it can be concluded that the J48 method is better than the CHAID and multiple regression methods.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence between Saudis and Non-Saudis from 2013 to 2018 with a special concern about regions of the KSA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
The Impact

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the largest Arab countries with a moderate annual problem of tuberculosis that is either pulmonary or extra-pulmonary. TB is still one of the most significant health troubles in the KSA, affecting different nationalities (Saudis, non-Saudis), ages, provinces, and genders. The control of TB still faces some challenges in different provinces of the KSA. Data were collected, arranged, analyzed and presented in tables and figures. In this retrospective study, we appraised TB surveillance data for the period between 2013 (1434H) and 2018 (1439H). Data were handled using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 23. Data were checked for normality using Shapiro-Wilk normality test at 0.05 levels to determine whether they are parametric or nonparametric. Chi-squared, Kruskal Wallis, and analysis of variance tests were used to evaluate trends at a significance level of p< 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM-SPSS version 23 for Mac OS. We appraised TB surveillance data for the period between 2013 (1434H) and 2018 (1439H). The data included the region of the country (province), age, sex, and nationality (Saudis, non-Saudis). The study evaluated the impact of TB on various nationalities (Saudis and non-Saudis), age groups (0-14, 15-34, 35-55, more than 55 years old), and genders (males and females). Non-Saudis had a higher incidence rate than Saudis in 2013-2018. The number of cases and incidence rates of TB recorded in males between 2013 to 2018 were about two to three times greater than estimates for females. The Makkah, Riyadh, and Jeddah regions attract enormous numbers of non-Saudi migrant workers, who account for ~60% of all TB cases in the KSA. Assessing the main TB risk factors contributing to high TB rates in non-Saudi workers is essential. Furthermore, periodical accurate studies, including evidence-based studies for optimum surveillance, avoidance, spread risk, inspection, control procedures and treatment of TB, should be conducted. These assessments would lead to evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of KSA-NTP’s TB action plan.

scholarly journals Factors influencing incidents of complications while using nickel-titanium rotary instruments for root canal treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad A. Madarati
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Nickel Titanium ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Common Complication ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Rotary Instruments ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Final Questionnaire ◽  
General Dentists

Abstract Background To investigate the complications associated with the use of nickel titanium rotary instruments (NiTi-RIs) for root canal treatments (RCTs), in Saudi Arabia dental practice, and to explore the influencing factors. Methods After obtaining an ethical approval, two pilot studies were conducted to formulate the final questionnaire. The sample size was measured taking into consideration 60% expected response rates and confidence level of 99.9%. The questionnaire was emailed to 600 general dentists (GDs) randomly selected from the dental register and all of the endodontists (175). The email’s introduction clarified objectives of the study and guaranteed that all of the collected information would remain confidential. A reminder was sent after 10 weeks. The data were collected and analyzed using the chi-squared test at a 0.05 significance level. Results With a 51% overall response rate, 71.9% off the respondents used NiTi-RIs. The majority (83.1%) experienced complications while using NiTi-RIs; with the instruments’ fracture being significantly the most common complication (52.7%) (p < 0.001). The majority (87.7%) experienced NiTi-RIs’ fractureat least once; with more endodontists (94.3%) than GDs (83.3%) (p < 0.001). The greater the number of weekly performed RCTs and participants’ experiences, the more NiTi-RIs fractures and the greater the number of fracture incidents (p < 0.001). While 60% of those who performed 1–3 RCTs per week experienced NiTi-RIs fractures, 100% of those who performed more than 12 RCTs per week did so. The highest percentage of those who experienced more than 10 fractured NiTi-RIs (60%) was within the group who performed more than 12 RCTs per week. Although fracture incidents decreased with a smaller number of reuses, there was no significant correlation between the number of fractured instruments and NiTi-RIs discard strategy (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion Fracture incidence was the most common complication while using NiTi-RIs, regardless of the clinicians’ experiences and skills. While the single use may reduce NiTi-RIs fractures, to some extent, the greater number of RCTs performed per week was the most influential factor.

scholarly journals Water softeners add comfort and consume water – comparison of selected centralised and decentralised softening technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 2088-2097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Tang ◽  
Cornelis Wilhelmus Adrianus Maria Merks ◽  
Hans-Jørgen Albrechtsen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
Decentralised Systems ◽  
Softened Water

Abstract Selected technologies for centralised or decentralised drinking water softening were evaluated based on technical, economic, environmental and aesthetic indicators to identify the optimal treatment technology for a given setting. To achieve this, we demonstrated that a number of important indicators beyond hardness reduction and costs have to be included. All the evaluated centralised softening technologies could reduce water hardness to the target of 1.3 mmol/L at the Dutch drinking water treatment plant Beilen. CARIX® treatment and pellet softening with Ca(OH)2 resulted in a lower CCPP90 (0.25–0.30 mmol/L) than nanofiltration (0.30–0.35 mmol/L). Decentralised reverse osmosis had a water consumption of &gt;100%, whereas decentralised cation exchange had a water consumption of 2.5–4.5% which was comparable to centralised pellet softening (3.6%). Except for the electronic water conditioner that does not remove water hardness, the decentralised technologies were 7–10 times more expensive than the centralised technologies per m3 of softened water. The centralised softening technologies furthermore ensured supply of softened water to all customers in a water supply zone. Thus, in areas with hard water and limescale problems, investment in centralised softening at the local water utility is more optimal than widespread implementation of decentralised systems.

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