scholarly journals Application of risk-based assessment and management to riverbank filtration sites in India

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rico Bartak ◽  
Declan Page ◽  
Cornelius Sandhu ◽  
Thomas Grischek ◽  
Bharti Saini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monsoon Season ◽  
World Health ◽  
Riverbank Filtration ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Management Procedures

This is the first reported study of a riverbank filtration (RBF) scheme to be assessed following the Australian Guidelines for Managed Aquifer Recharge. A comprehensive staged approach to assess the risks from 12 hazards to human health and the environment has been undertaken. Highest risks from untreated ground and Ganga River water were identified with pathogens, turbidity, iron, manganese, total dissolved solids and total hardness. Recovered water meets the guideline values for inorganic chemicals and salinity but exceeds limits for thermotolerant coliforms frequently. A quantitative microbial risk assessment undertaken on the water recovered from the aquifer indicated that the residual risks of 0.00165 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) posed by the reference bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 were below the national diarrhoeal incidence of 0.027 DALYs and meet the health target in this study of 0.005 DALYs per person per year, which corresponds to the World Health Organization (WHO) regional diarrhoeal incidence in South-East Asia. Monsoon season was a major contributor to the calculated burden of disease and final DALYs were strongly dependent on RBF and disinfection pathogen removal capabilities. Finally, a water safety plan was developed with potential risk management procedures to minimize residual risks related to pathogens.

scholarly journals Water safety planning for small water supply systems: the framework and control measures

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1524-1533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace O. Oluwasanya ◽  
Richard C. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Safety Planning ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Small Systems ◽  
Management Procedures ◽  
Supply Systems

Abstract A water safety plan (WSP) is a preventive comprehensive risk assessment and management approach to ensuring the safety of a drinking water supply from source to tap for public health protection. The concept was introduced in the last decade in international guidance documents and has been applied widely across a varied range of water supply systems, particularly, the public water utilities and to a lesser extent towards small systems. Mainstreaming water safety intervention for small systems however, would ensure safe household water to a wider population, alleviate poverty and hunger through water for use in support of livelihood activities, and help towards achieving the sustainable development goals. Self-supply hand-dug wells in Abeokuta, Nigeria, were assessed using the step-by-step World Health Organization WSP model, mainly from the relevant system assessment to operational monitoring and management procedures. This paper reviewed the methodology of water safety planning and flagged the issue of ‘who’ conducts WSP for small systems. The paper also evaluated major control measures critical to self-supply and suggested an apt WS planning model for the systems. The WSP framework for self-supply systems incorporated an institutional aspect for WSP coordination.

scholarly journals Lessons from 10 Years of Experience with Australia’s Risk-Based Guidelines for Managed Aquifer Recharge

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Dillon ◽  
Declan Page ◽  
Joanne Vanderzalm ◽  
Simon Toze ◽  
Craig Simmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
World Health ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Australian Water ◽  
Factors Affecting

The Australian Managed Aquifer Recharge Guidelines, published in 2009, were the world’s first Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) Guidelines based on risk-management principles that also underpin the World Health Organisation’s Water Safety Plans. In 2015, a survey of Australian MAR project proponents, consultants and regulators revealed that in those states advancing MAR, the Guidelines were lauded for giving certainty on approval processes. They were also considered to be pragmatic to use, but there was feedback on onerous data requirements. The rate of uptake of MAR has varied widely among Australian state jurisdictions, for reasons that are not explained by the drivers for and feasibility of MAR. The states where MAR has progressed are those that have adopted the Guidelines into state regulations or policy. It was originally intended that these Guidelines would be revised after five to ten years, informed by experience of any hazards not considered in the guidelines, and by new scientific developments including advances in monitoring and control methods for risk management. As such revision has not yet occurred, this paper was prepared to give a precis of these Guidelines and review ten years of experience in their application and to identify issues and suggest improvements for consideration in their revision by Australian water regulators. This paper also discusses the factors affecting their potential international applicability, including the capabilities required for implementation, and we use India as an example for which an intermediate level water quality guideline for MAR was developed. This paper is intended to be useful information for regulators in other countries considering adopting or developing their own guidelines. Note that the purpose of these Guidelines is to protect human health and the environment. It is not a guide to how to site, design, build and operate a managed aquifer recharge project, for which there are many other sources of information.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical evaluation of groundwater quality of the Tista floodplain, Rangpur, Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudip Saha ◽  
A. H. M. Selim Reza ◽  
Mrinal Kanti Roy
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Allowable Limit ◽  
Sodium Calcium ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Sodium Magnesium

Abstract The Tista is a Trans-Himalayan river that flows through Sikkim and West Bengal states of India and Rangpur division of Bangladesh and finally falls into the Brahmaputra River. The presence of numerous abandoned channels with various degrees of aggradations indicates large migrations of the Tista River. The pH value of groundwater varies from 6.20 to 7.40 which indicate the slightly alkaline to acidic nature of the studied aquifers. The mean abundance of major cations is Na+ > Ca+2 > Mg+2 > K+, whereas the major anions is HCO3− > Cl− > SO4−2. Among the cations, Na+ is the dominant and K+ is the lowest constituents, whereas HCO3− is most abundant and SO4−2 is the minor constituents in anions. The hydrochemical facies of groundwater show that sodium, sodium–magnesium, sodium–calcium, sodium–magnesium–calcium and sodium–calcium–magnesium are cation facies and chloride–bicarbonate, bicarbonate–chloride and bicarbonate are anion facies. Correlating with WHO (Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 1, World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1997) and EQS (Environmental quality standard, Department of Environment, Bangladesh, 1989) guideline values for drinking water and public health, it may be concluded that the groundwater of the study area is suitable for all drinking and domestic purposes, where only three samples exceed the maximum allowable limit of potassium. Based on total hardness, SAR, RSC, PI, SSP and MH values, it can be summarized that the groundwater of the investigated area is suitable for irrigation purpose. On the basis of Australian and UNESCO standard, the groundwater of the study area is also suitable for livestock purposes. The Rangpur area is hydrogeologically active by the processes like ion exchange and dissolution. Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3− are produced by the dissolution of limestone and dolomite.

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality and Suitability for Different Uses in the Saloum Area of Senegal

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyni Ndoye ◽  
Claude Fontaine ◽  
Cheikh Gaye ◽  
Moumtaz Razack
Keyword(s):  
Major Ions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Standard Guideline ◽  
Rock Water Interaction ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Total Dissolved Solid ◽  
Health Organization

Hydrogeochemical analyses were conducted on groundwater sampled from the Saloum aquifer, in southern Senegal. The objective was to identify the chemical processes that control hydrochemistry and to assess the quality of groundwater for determining its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes. Water samples were collected from 79 wells during the dry season in May 2012, and were subjected to analysis for chemical characteristics (major ions), pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solid (TDS). The dominant hydrochemical facies observed for the groundwater samples are NaCl and CaHCO3. Gibbs plot depicts predominance of rock water interaction and evaporation processes controlling the water chemistry. Percentage of Na+, Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Total Hardness (TH) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values were calculated. The results were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and agricultural water standards. The TDS in groundwater is less than 1200 mg/L and SAR values are less than 10. RSC values overall are less than 1.25 meq/L. Results show that the groundwater in the area has generally a low hardness and is fresh (95%) to brackish. The majority of groundwater samples are appropriate for domestic uses. The indexes for water irrigation compared with standard limits revealed that most of the Saloum groundwater samples fall in the suitable range for irrigation.

scholarly journals Physicochemical assessment of leachate from Pokhara landfill site and its impact on the quality of Seti River water, Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-201
Author(s):  
Lekha Nath Khanal ◽  
Namita Paudel Adhikari ◽  
Ganesh Paudel ◽  
Subash Adhikari
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Guideline Values

The management of municipal solid always poses serious environmental problems on land, air, and groundwater, especially in the case of developing countries. The characterization and assessment of leachates are necessary to understand the water quality in the urban region as well as has enormous importance in sustaining the livelihoods of people in the riverine environment maintaining the ecological balance. Landfill leachate contains thousands of complex components, which contaminate the nearby water bodies, and communities with several hazardous ingredients. The present study was conducted to assess the influence of landfill leachates on the quality of Seti River water. The samples were collected from four stations (Tatopani, Ramghat, Landfill, Below landfill, and Kotre). The samples were analyzed for pH, total hardness, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity (EC), Cl-, NH3, and PO43- by standard methods. The pH and EC were measured in situ whereas other parameters were analyzed in the laboratory adopting standard protocols. The physicochemical parameters of river water and that of leachates were compared to monitor the level of contamination. The research reveals the landfill to have insignificant pollution of water on matching the parameters with World Health Organization (WHO) guideline values. Regular monitoring of the quality of river water and sustainable management of solid waste is essential for the ecological quality and integrity of the environment in the region. Scientific information obtained by this study could contribute to policymakers for the sustainable management of water quality and landfill in the downstream and urban segments of the river basins.

scholarly journals Assessment of potable water quality of surface water (tuikhur) and hand pumps in Siaha, southern Mizoram

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-171
Author(s):  
John Blick ◽  
Shiva Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Potable Water ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Health Organization

The present study focused on the physico-chemical characterization of potable water from hand pump (groundwater) and sub-surface (tuikhur) water in Siaha, Mizoram, during pre-monsoon season of 2017. pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), nitrate (NO3), sulphate (SO4) and chloride (Cl) and their mean values obtained were 7.1, 67.72 mg/L, 103 mg/L, 1.8 NTU, 43.9 mg/L, 45 mg/L, 0.30 mg/L, 6.24 mg/L, 7.21 mg/L, 0.23 mg/L, 3.27 mg/L and 9.51 mg/L respectively. The results revealed that all these water samples were well within permissible limits established by World Health Organization (WHO), and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Hence, they are suitable for drinking purposes. However, Iron contents at few sites are found exceeding the permissible value of 0.3 mg/L.

A probabilistic QMRA of Salmonella in direct agricultural reuse of treated municipal wastewater

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 1203-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamrot M. Amha ◽  
Rajkumari Kumaraswamy ◽  
Farrukh Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Life Years

Developing reliable quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) procedures aids in setting recommendations on reuse applications of treated wastewater. In this study, a probabilistic QMRA to determine the risk of Salmonella infections resulting from the consumption of edible crops irrigated with treated wastewater was conducted. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to enumerate Salmonella spp. in post-disinfected samples, where they showed concentrations ranging from 90 to 1,600 cells/100 mL. The results were used to construct probabilistic exposure models for the raw consumption of three vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, and cucumber) irrigated with treated wastewater, and to estimate the disease burden using Monte Carlo analysis. The results showed elevated median disease burden, when compared with acceptable disease burden set by the World Health Organization, which is 10−6 disability-adjusted life years per person per year. Of the three vegetables considered, lettuce showed the highest risk of infection in all scenarios considered, while cucumber showed the lowest risk. The results of the Salmonella concentration obtained with qPCR were compared with the results of Escherichia coli concentration for samples taken on the same sampling dates.

The monetary value of disability-adjusted-life-years lost in Kenya in 2017.pdf

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joses Kirigia ◽  
Rose Nabi Deborah Karimi Muthuri
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Monetary Value ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Per Capita

<div>A variant of human capital (or net output) analytical framework was applied to monetarily value DALYs lost from 166 diseases and injuries. The monetary value of each of the 166 diseases (or injuries) was obtained through multiplication of the net 2019 GDP per capita for Kenya by the number of DALYs lost from each specific cause. Where net GDP per capita was calculated by subtracting current health expenditure from the GDP per capita. </div><div> </div><p>The DALYs data for the 166 causes were from IHME (Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network, 2018), GDP per capita data from the International Monetary Fund world economic outlook database (International Monetary Fund, 2019), and the current health expenditure per person data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (World Health Organization, 2019b). A model consisting of fourteen equations was calculated with Excel Software developed by Microsoft (New York).</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review of Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Major Mental and Neurological Disorders and Suicide: A Biostatistical Perspective on Data Mining

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 393
Author(s):  
Mahsa Mansourian ◽  
Sadaf Khademi ◽  
Hamid Reza Marateb
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Computer Aided Diagnosis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Aided Diagnosis

The World Health Organization (WHO) suggests that mental disorders, neurological disorders, and suicide are growing causes of morbidity. Depressive disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, and other dementias account for 1.84%, 0.60%, 0.33%, and 1.00% of total Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Furthermore, suicide, the 15th leading cause of death worldwide, could be linked to mental disorders. More than 68 computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) methods published in peer-reviewed journals from 2016 to 2021 were analyzed, among which 75% were published in the year 2018 or later. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol was adopted to select the relevant studies. In addition to the gold standard, the sample size, neuroimaging techniques or biomarkers, validation frameworks, the classifiers, and the performance indices were analyzed. We further discussed how various performance indices are essential based on the biostatistical and data mining perspective. Moreover, critical information related to the Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD) guidelines was analyzed. We discussed how balancing the dataset and not using external validation could hinder the generalization of the CAD methods. We provided the list of the critical issues to consider in such studies.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Groundwater Quality in the Vicinity of Khurrianwala Industrial Zone, Pakistan

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Aleem ◽  
Cao Shun ◽  
Chao Li ◽  
Arslan Aslam ◽  
Wu Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Industrial Zone ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
National Environmental

The industrial augmentation and unguided anthropogenic activities contaminate water sources in most parts of the world especially in developing countries like Pakistan. High concentration of pollutants in groundwater affects human, soil, and crop health badly. The present study was conducted to investigate groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in an industrial zone of Pakistan. A GIS tool was used to investigate the spatial distribution of different physico-chemical parameters. In this study, the average results exceeding World Health Organization (WHO) and National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were found for pH 7.84, total dissolved solids (TDS) 1492 mg/L, phosphate 0.51 mg/L, dissolved oxygen (DO) 9.92% saturation, F-coli 6.48 colonies/100 mL, Na+ 366 mg/L, HCO3− 771 mg/L, sulfate 251 mg/L, chlorides 427 mg/L, total hardness (as CaCO3) 292 mg/L, electrical conductivity (EC) 2408 μS/cm, iron (Fe) 0.48 mg/L, chrome (Cr) 0.50 mg/L, arsenic (As) 0.04 mg/L, total phosphorus (TP) 0.17 mg/L, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 9.76 (in meq/L), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) 9.28 meq/L, % ion balance 14.4 (in meq/L), percentage sodium ion (% Na+) concentration 58.9 meq/L, and water quality index (WQI) 69.0. The trend of cations and anions were (in meq/L) Na > Mg > Ca > K and HCO3 > Cl > CO3 > SO4 respectively. Although the results of the present study showed poor conditions of the groundwater for drinking as WQI but and irrigation purposes as SAR, it needs to improve some more conditions for the provision of safe drinking water and irrigation water quality.

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