scholarly journals The efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) against coxsackievirus, poliovirus and hepatitis A virus

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne Heaselgrave ◽  
Simon Kilvington
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Cell Monolayer ◽  
Simulated Sunlight ◽  
Solar Simulator ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Solar Disinfection ◽  
Complete Inactivation ◽  
Virus Exposure ◽  
Waterborne Viruses

The antimicrobial activity of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) against enteric waterborne viruses including coxsackievirus-B5, poliovirus-2 and hepatitis A virus was investigated in this study. Assays were conducted in transparent 12-well polystyrene microtitre plates containing the appropriate viral test suspension. Plates were exposed to simulated sunlight at an optical irradiance of 550 Wm−2 (watts per square metre) delivered from a SUNTEST™ CPS+ solar simulator for 6 hours. Aliquots of the viral test suspensions were taken at set time points and the level of inactivation of the viruses was determined by either culture on a HeLa cell monolayer for coxsackievirus-B5 and poliovirus-2 or by utilising a chromogenic antibody-based approach for hepatitis A virus. With coxsackievirus-B5, poliovirus-2 and hepatitis A virus, exposure to SODIS at an optical irradiance of 550 Wm−2 for 1–2 hours resulted in complete inactivation of each virus. The findings from this study suggest that under appropriate conditions SODIS may be an effective technique for the inactivation of enteric viruses in drinking water. However, further verification studies need to be performed using natural sunlight in the region where the SODIS technology is to be employed to validate our results.

Association of hepatitis A virus infection with allergic sensitization in a population with high prevalence of hepatitis A virus exposure

Allergy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gonzalez-Quintela ◽  
F. Gude ◽  
O. Boquete ◽  
A. Aguilera ◽  
J. Rey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Allergic Sensitization ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Virus Exposure

Comparative Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus and Other Enteroviruses in Water by Iodine

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Sobsey ◽  
Carla E. Oldham ◽  
Donald E. McCall
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Fulvic Acids ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Virus Inactivation ◽  
Dirty Water ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Waterborne Viruses

Iodine is used as a disinfectant of small and field water supplies, but little is known about its ability to inactivate important waterborne viruses such as hepatitis A virus (HAV). In laboratory studies we determined the inactivation of purified, aggregated HAV, poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 1 by 8 and 16 mg/l doses of iodine in both phosphate buffered, iodine demand-free (clean) water and the same water containing 10 mg/l of a 1:1 mixture of humic and fulvic acids and 5 NTU of bentonite clay turbidity (dirty water). Virus inactivation studies in clean water were done at pH 4.5, 7.0 and 9.5 and at 5 and 25 C, and in dirty water they were done at the same pH levels but at 5°C only. Iodine doses of 8 and 16 mg/l in clean water produced 99.99% or 4 log10 inactivation of HAV by 60 minutes or less. Four log10 inactivation of polio 1 and echo 1 was not achieved in 60 minutes by 8 mg/l iodine at 5°C ani pH 7.0 and 4.5 or by 16 mg/l iodine at 5°C and pH 4.5. HAV was inactivated more efficiently by iodine than were the other two test viruses, and the overall order of virus inactivation was: HAV > echo 1 > polio 1. Virus inactivation was generally more effective at higher pH, in cleaner water, at higher temperature and at higher iodine dose.

Inactivation of Hepatitis a Virus by Heat and Formaldehyde

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 43-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Flehmig ◽  
A. Billing ◽  
A. Vallbracht ◽  
K. Botzenhart
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Heat Inactivation ◽  
Kidney Cell Line ◽  
Monkey Kidney Cell ◽  
Complete Inactivation ◽  
Formaldehyde Treatment ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Fetal Rhesus Monkey Kidney

The GBM strain of hepatitis A virus adapted to a fetal rhesus monkey kidney cell line (Frhk-4/R) was treated and inactivated at several different temperatures and with several different formaldehyde concentrations. Heat inactivation showed that no inactivation occurred after treatment for 60 minutes at 37°C. Treatment for 60 minutes at 50°C reduced infectivity by 1 log 10 step ; treatment for 60 minutes at 60°C, by 4 log 10 steps. Treatment for 30 minutes at 70°C resulted in complete inactivation of HAV. Complete inactivation by formaldehyde treatment was achieved only with a 0.35% concentration. Treatment with lower concentrations resulted in incomplete HAV inactivation.

HEPATITIS-A-VIRUS EXPOSURE IN THE GAMBIA

The Lancet ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 314 (8149) ◽  
pp. 966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Ajdukiewicz ◽  
JamesW. Mosley
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
Virus Exposure

scholarly journals Mechanisms of Inactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Chlorine

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 4951-4955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Wen Li ◽  
Zhong Tao Xin ◽  
Xin Wei Wang ◽  
Jin Lai Zheng ◽  
Fu Huan Chao
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Specific Region ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Entire Genome ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Complete Inactivation

ABSTRACT The study was intended to investigate the feasibility of reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for evaluation of the efficacy of inactivation of viruses in water and to elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis A virus (HAV) by chlorine. Cell culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and long-overlap RT-PCR were used to detect the infectivity, antigenicity, and entire genome of HAV inactivated or destroyed by chlorine. The cell culture results revealed the complete inactivation of infectivity after 30 min of exposure to 10 or 20 mg of chlorine per liter and the highest level of sensitivity in the 5′ nontranslated regions (5′NTR), inactivation of which took as much time as the inactivation of infectivity of HAV by chlorine. However, antigenicity was not completely destroyed under these conditions. Some fractions in the coding region were resistant to chlorine. To determine the specific region of the 5′NTR lost, three segments of primers were redesigned to monitor the region from bp 1 to 1023 across the entire genome. It was shown that the sequence from bp 1 to 671 was the region most sensitive to chlorine. The results suggested that the inactivation of HAV by chlorine was due to the loss of the 5′NTR. It is believed that PCR can be used to assess the efficacy of disinfection of HAV by chlorine as well as to research the mechanisms of inactivation of viruses by disinfectants.

Application of solid-phase immune electron microscopy to study physical and stability characteristics of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Charles D. Humphrey ◽  
E. H. Cook ◽  
Karen A. McCaustland ◽  
Daniel W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy

Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH) is a type of hepatitis which is increasingly becoming a significant world health concern. As with hepatitis A virus (HAV), spread is by the fecal-oral mode of transmission. Until recently, the etiologic agent had not been isolated and identified. We have succeeded in the isolation and preliminary characterization of this virus and demonstrating that this agent can cause hepatic disease and seroconversion in experimental primates. Our characterization of this virus was facilitated by immune (IEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopic (SPIEM) methodologies.Many immune electron microscopy methodologies have been used for morphological identification and characterization of viruses. We have previously reported a highly effective solid phase immune electron microscopy procedure which facilitated identification of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in crude cell culture extracts. More recently we have reported utilization of the method for identification of an etiologic agent responsible for (ET-NANBH).

Hepatitis A Antigen in Liver, Bile and Stool

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 340-341
Author(s):  
D.R. Jackson ◽  
J.H. Hoofnagle ◽  
A.N. Schulman ◽  
J.L. Dienstag ◽  
R.H. Purcell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Type A ◽  
Initial Study ◽  
Virus Like Particle ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes ◽  
Ag Particles ◽  
Ag Particle ◽  
Human Stool

Using immune electron microscopy Feinstone et. al. demonstrated the presence of a 27 nm virus-like particle in acute-phase stools of patients with viral hepatitis, type A, These hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) particles were aggregated by convalescent serum from patients with type A hepatitis but not by pre-infection serum. Subsequently Dienstag et. al. and Maynard et. al. produced acute hepatitis in chimpanzees by inoculation with human stool containing HA Ag. During the early acute disease, virus like particles antigenically, morphologically and biophysically identical to the human HA Ag particle were found in chimpanzee stool. Recently Hilleman et. al. have described similar particles in liver and serum of marmosets infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV). We have investigated liver, bile and stool from chimpanzees and marmosets experimentally infected with HAV. In an initial study, a chimpanzee (no.785) inoculated with HA Ag-containing stool developed elevated liver enzymes 21 days after exposure.

Identification of hepatitis a virus in cell cultures by solid phase immune electron microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 238-239
Author(s):  
C.D. Humphrey ◽  
T.L. Cromeans ◽  
E.H. Cook ◽  
D.W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Rapid Detection ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Immune Electron Microscopy ◽  
Detection And Identification

There is a variety of methods available for the rapid detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy as described in several reviews. The predominant techniques are classified as direct electron microscopy (DEM), immune electron microscopy (IEM), liquid phase immune electron microscopy (LPIEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). Each technique has inherent strengths and weaknesses. However, in recent years, the most progress for identifying viruses has been realized by the utilization of SPIEM.

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