scholarly journals Hand-pumps as reservoirs for microbial contamination of well water

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 708-717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Ferguson ◽  
Brian J. Mailloux ◽  
Kazi M. Ahmed ◽  
Alexander van Geen ◽  
Larry D. McKay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Contaminated Aquifer ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Elastomeric Materials ◽  
The Village

The retention and release of total coliforms and Escherichia coli was investigated in hand-pumps removed from tubewells tapping a faecally contaminated aquifer in Matlab, Bangladesh, and from a new hand-pump deliberately spiked with E. coli. All hand-pumps were connected to reservoirs of sterile water and flushed. Faecal coliforms were observed in the discharge from all three of the previously used hand-pumps, at concentrations comparable to levels measured in discharge when they were attached to the tubewells. During daily flushing of one of the previously used hand-pumps, the concentration of total coliforms in the discharge remained relatively constant (≈103 MPN/100 mL). Concentrations of E. coli in the pump discharge declined over time, but E. coli was still detectable up to 29 days after the start of flushing. In the deliberately spiked hand-pump, E. coli was observed in the discharge over 125 days (t50 = 8 days) and found to attach preferentially to elastomeric materials within the hand-pump. Attempts to disinfect both the village and new hand-pumps using shock chlorination were shown to be unsuccessful. These results demonstrate that hand-pumps can act as persistent reservoirs for microbial indicator bacteria. This could potentially influence drinking water quality and bias testing of water quality.

scholarly journals Effects of Water Quality and Post-Harvest Handling on Microbiological Contamination of Lettuce at Urban and Peri-Urban Locations of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Dao ◽  
Kathrin Stenchly ◽  
Oumar Traoré ◽  
Philip Amoah ◽  
Andreas Buerkert
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Production Areas

Vegetable production in urban gardens of Ouagadougou contributes to food security, but water for irrigation is often of low quality. This is particularly acute if irrigation water is taken from wastewater polluted channels. This study aimed at (i) verifying to what degree irrigation water quality is correlated with contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and Salmonella spp., and (ii) assessing effects of post-harvest handling on pathogen development during the trade chain. We tested pathogen removal efficiency on lettuce by applying post-harvest washing. Irrigation water of production areas in Ouagadougou (n = 10) showed a mean E. coli load of 2.1 × 105 CFU 100 mL−1. In 60% of the cases, irrigation water did not meet the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) for safe irrigation water, and in 30% of the cases, irrigation water was contaminated with Salmonella spp. Loads of total coliforms on lettuce leaves ranged from 2.9 × 103 CFU g−1 to 1.3 × 106 CFU g−1, while E. coli averaged 1.1 × 102 CFU g−1. Results on post-harvest handling revealed that microbial loads increased along the trade chain. Overall, half of all lettuce samples (n = 60) were tested positively for Salmonella spp. The experiment showed that appropriate post-harvest handling could prevent the increase of total coliforms.

Coliforms and other microbial indicators occurrence in water and biofilm in full-scale distribution systems

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Batté ◽  
C. Féliers ◽  
P. Servais ◽  
V. Gauthier ◽  
J.-C. Joret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Bacterial Indicators ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Microbiological Water Quality ◽  
Heterotrophic Plate Counts

Biofilm and microbial water quality were studied in four middle size full-scale distribution systems (DS) in France serving 5,000–30,000 inhabitants (maximum residence time 23–160 h) through three sampling campaigns over 1 year. Three of these DSs were chosen because of a quite high occurrence of bacterial indicators (i.e. total coliforms), the last DS was considered as a reference. Biofilm was studied on cast iron coupons incubated for more than 1 month in devices continuously fed with water from the DS in conditions imitating those met in DS. The devices were located at different points (4–6) along each DS. The abundance of bacteria in biofilm was estimated by heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) after detachment of the biofilm from the support by sonication. Microbiological water quality was estimated in parallel; analysis of total coliforms, E. coli, enterococci and anaerobic sulphide-reducing bacteria spores (ASRB spores) was carried out in biofilm and water. Over the period of the study, 171 water samples and 57 biofilm samples were collected. Over these 171 waters, 19 (11%) were positive for at least one of the measured indicators while two biofilm samples were positive (3.5%). Significant differences were observed in the levels of contamination between the DSs. High residence time in the DS, low disinfectant residual and high temperature increased the risk of indicator occurrence in the water phase. Due to the low number of biofilm samples positive for bacterial indicators, the data collected in the present study did not allow observation of a direct association between biofilm and water contaminations, even if the occurrence of indicators in water appeared on DSs with the highest density of biofilm (HPC).

Evidence that tropical soil environment can support the growth of Escherichia coli

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N Byappanahalli ◽  
R. S. Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Tropical Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Bacteria

Concentrations of faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in environmental waters have historically been used to establish recreational water quality standards. When these bacteria are used as indices of water quality, it is assumed that there are no significant environmental sources of these bacteria which are unrelated to direct faecal contamination. However, we have previously reported that in tropical island environments such as in Hawaii, these faecal indicators are consistently found at high concentrations in all streams and the source of these faecal bacteria is the soil. To become so well established in soil we hypothesized that these faecal bacteria must have the ability to multiply in the natural soil environment at ambient temperature (23–25°C). Three lines of evidence support this hypothesis: (1) E. coli was shown to grow on 10% soil extract agar, (2) populations of faecal coliforms and E. coli from sewage were shown to immediately increase by about three logs when simple nutrients (glucose and salts) were added to natural soil and (3) faecal coliforms and E. coli increased by two logs within 24 h when a minimal amount of sewage was added to cobalt-irradiated soil. These results indicate that tropical soil environments provide sufficient means to support the growth of faecal coliforms and E. coli. However, under natural soil conditions, indigenous soil microorganisms are much more efficient in obtaining nutrients and we hypothesize that faecal bacteria grow sporadically in response to available nutrients.

Potentially pathogenic bacteria isolated from different tropical waters in Sri Lanka

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1463-1469 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. G. C. K. Mannapperuma ◽  
C. L. Abayasekara ◽  
G. B. B. Herath ◽  
D. R. I. B. Werellagama
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Source Waters

This study investigated the bacteriological contamination of different water sources in Sri Lanka. Source waters (n = 74) including bottled water, well water and surface water were assessed for enumerating total coliforms and faecal coliforms using the membrane filtration method. The results showed that 18.5 and 14.8% of bottled water samples were contaminated with total coliforms and faecal coliforms, respectively. All the well water and surface water samples exceeded the WHO permitted levels for total coliforms and faecal coliforms. Bacteriological identification using biochemical tests and api 20E identification tests revealed the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria in all water sources tested. Bottled water mainly contained three Enterobacter species, while well water samples showed the broadest spectrum of bacteria including eleven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Rautella, and 10 non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Salmonella and Acinetobacter. Surface waters contained seven coliform species belonging to the genera Klebsiella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Rautella and Serratia, and eight non-coliform species in the genera Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Acinetobacter. Detection of higher bacteriological counts and identification of potentially pathogenic bacteria in different source waters suggest a potential health risk of the water sources used in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Detection of Bacteriological Contaminants in Hand-Pump Fitted Borehole Water from a Residential Suburb in Ringim Local Government, Jigawa State

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
A.O. Adeleye ◽  
B. Kabiru ◽  
A.O. Amoo ◽  
F.K. Amoo ◽  
M. Raji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Quality Of Water

Water from borehole source can be contaminated due to indiscriminate waste disposal. This pilot study was conducted to assess the bacteriological quality of water from five (5) hand-pump-fitted borehole sources present in Sabon Gari quarters in Ringim Local Government Area of Jigawa State. Presumptive, confirmed and completed tests were employed to determine total and faecal coliforms from the water samples using most probable number (MPN) technique. Bacterial isolates were identified by standard microbiologicalmethods. Results obtained indicate that all the water samples across all the dilution strengths tested recorded substantial growth of total coliforms at 37.3°C while faecal coliforms were observed at 44°C after incubation for 48 h. Using the MPN table, the five water samples assayed recorded 50 MPN/100mL, 14 MPN/100mL, 3 MPN/100mL, 5 MPN/100mL and 1 MPN/100mL. Results were also positive for gas and acid production in all samples collected characteristic of presence of E. coli. The results obtained in this study show bacterial contamination of the water from the boreholes which may constitute a public health risk. It is therefore recommended that the water pumped from these boreholes should be subjected to  adequate treatment to meet World Health Organization (WHO) required  standard for potable water meant for drinking. Keywords: Boreholes, hand pump, most probable number, total coliforms and faecal coliforms.

Evaluation of escherichia coli as the main indicator of faecal pollution

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Baudišová
Keyword(s):  
Point Sources ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
Significant Point

The paper presented supports E. coli assessment as a major indicator of faecal pollution. Its assessment brings advantages when compared with assessment of total coliforms and faecal coliforms because (a) E. coli survives in river water for shorter period than other coliforms and faecal coliforms and (b) its occurrence in a stream (in an area without any significant point sources of pollution), in particular when compared with total coliforms, is more stable. Significant differences appear especially in the summer period when the elevated temperature allows development of non-faecal bacteria.

scholarly journals A medium for the rapid enumeration of Escherichia coli in the presence of other faecal coliforms in tropical waters

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rapid Enumeration ◽  
Selective Membrane ◽  
Filtration Medium ◽  
Tube Dilution

SummaryA selective membrane filtration medium is described for use in the rapid assessment of water quality in tropical countries where the incidence of faecal coliforms other than E. coli presents problems in the interpretation of results. The medium gives comparable results to MPN values obtained in the multiple tube dilution test using modified Gray's glutamate medium, and to membrane filtration counts obtained using M-FC broth and membrane-enriched Teepol broth, whilst differentiation of E. coli is enhanced.

scholarly journals E. coli and Coliform Bacteria as Indicators for Drinking Water Quality and Handling of Drinking Water in the Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsten Ngaire Nicholson ◽  
Klaus Neumann ◽  
Carolyn Dowling ◽  
Subodh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
National Park ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sagarmatha National Park

During the 2016 pre-monsoon dry season, we undertook a systematic study of water quality, specifically fecal contamination of drinking water, in the Khumbu Valley, Sagarmatha National Park (SNP, Mt. Everest region) and SNP buffer zone, Nepal. Our goal was to quantify physical parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids), and the presence of fecal coliforms (E. coli and total coliforms) in drinking water and drinking water sources (predominately groundwater-fed springs). This data set will function as a baseline for access to potable water and further monitoring. Sample sites were selected based on primary use as a drinking water and/or drinking water source for each community. In general, there is little correlation between and physical parameters however, there are very weak correlations between total coliform data and increasing temperature, and decreasing elevation and pH. There does, however, appear to be a correlation between population (including tourist numbers) and both E. coli and total coliforms. Our study clearly indicates that the presence of bacterial indicators of fecal pollution during the dry season. Samples from the more populated, lower altitude areas had higher levels of E. coli and coliform bacteria. Importantly, drinking water that was stored in tanks or transported long distances had a much higher incidence of E. coli and total coliforms suggesting that a change in water handling practices might have an important impact on drinking water quality and population health. 

scholarly journals Prevelance of total coliforms, faecal coliforms and <i>E. coli</i> in Rawalpindi vegetable markets

2013 ◽  
Vol 05 (12) ◽  
pp. 1298-1304
Author(s):  
Sadia Alam ◽  
Samina Khalil ◽  
Najma Ayub ◽  
Abida Bibi ◽  
Beena Saeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli

scholarly journals Physico Chemical and Microbial Analysis of Different Sources of Water collected from Indora, Himachal Pradesh, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Shivali Bhardwaj ◽  
Arup Giri
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Himachal Pradesh ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Productivity Level ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Hand Pump ◽  
Different Sources

Life could not be imagining without the presence of water on this earth. An ecosystem is very dependent on the quality of water. Regular water quality monitoring is very essential of a region. In the study area, no study has been yet done on the quality of drinking water and productivity level of Beas river near Arni University, Himachal Pradesh, India. The main aim of this study was to determine the water quality of three different sources of water like hand pump water, tap water, and Beas river water. For this, we have collected total twenty-six samples in the month of May 2018 and analysed for pH, TDS, EC, DO, alkalinity, phenolphthalein alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, chloride, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, carbonate, bicarbonate, E. coli, and productivity level by standard methods. The entire analysed parameters showed the lower level than the permissible guideline of the WHO except for the presence of E. coli and higher level of alkalinity. The productivity level of Beas river was indicating that trophic index belonged to the ultra-oligotrophic. From the findings, it might be concluded that hand pump water, tap water, and Beas river water was drinkable except the presence of E. coli and higher level of alkalinity in tap water and river water. However, in the case of the productivity level of Beas river was indicating the very low accumulation of dissolved nutrient salts, and a lower rate of algae growth as the productivity level belonged to the ultra-oligotrophic. Further extensive study on the water minerals and heavy metals level in all the water sources are required in this study area.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document