scholarly journals Differences in water consumption choices in Canada: the role of socio-demographics, experiences, and perceptions of health risks

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Dupont ◽  
W. L. (Vic) Adamowicz ◽  
Alan Krupnick
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Health Concerns ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Tap Water Quality ◽  
Contamination Events

In 2000 and 2001 Canadians were shocked by water contamination events that took place in two provinces. In 2004 we undertook an internet-based survey across Canada that asked respondents to identify in percentage terms their total drinking water consumption according to one of three sources: tap water, bottled water, and home-filtered water (either some type of container or an in-tap filter device). In this paper we investigate the factors that influence these choices and whether choosing to either filter or purchase water is linked to perceptions of health concerns with respect to tap water. A series of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests suggest that the presence of children in a household and self-reported concern that tap water causes health problems lead to significantly greater consumption of bottled water or filtered water and significantly less tap water consumption. In order to examine these choices in a multivariate framework, we estimate a multinomial logit model. Factors yielding higher probabilities of a respondent being primarily a bottled water drinker (relative to the choice of tap water) include: higher income, unpleasant taste experiences with tap water, non-French-speaking, and being a male with children in one's household. Similar factors yield higher probabilities of a respondent being primarily a filtered tap water drinker. An important finding is that two key variables linking a person's health perceptions regarding tap water quality are significant factors leading to the choice of either filtered tap water or bottled water over tap water. They are: a variable showing the degree of health concerns a respondent has with respect to tap water and a second variable indicating whether the respondent believes bottled water is safer than tap water.

scholarly journals Tendencies towards bottled drinking water consumption: Challenges ahead of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste management

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
Hassan Aslani ◽  
Parisa Pashmtab ◽  
Abdolreza Shaghaghi ◽  
Asghar Mohammadpoorasl ◽  
Hassan Taghipour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Pet Waste ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Waste Generation Rate ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Background: The main objective of this study was to investigate the logics behind tendencies towards bottled drinking water usage in spite of availability of treated tap water. The amount of waste bottle is also estimated in Iran and managing principles for resolving the issue presented. Methods: A questionnaire was used to survey the logics behind tendencies toward bottled drinking water consumption among 120 participants. In order to estimate the quantities of the PET wastes produced in the country, data about bottled water production rate as well as volume of the imported and exported drinking bottled water were collected from 1962 to 2015 and applied in the calculations. Results: Findings suggested that about 0.026 to 3.86 billion liters (about 1.04 billion literson average) of bottled water was consumed annually between 2000 and 2015. Furthermore, bottled water consumption increased from 0.41 to 48.9 L/capita-year within the same time period. In the meantime, the plastic bottle waste generation rate rose from 12.84 to 1519.38 g/capita-year. There is no efficient and suitable system for managing and recycling waste bottles in the country. The perceived unreliability of tap water quality was the main reason of bottled water consumption among 74% of the respondents. Conclusion: To reduce bottled water consumption and the associated harmful environmental and health consequences, measures such as informing people, validating public water supply quality, preventive rules enactment, and establishing extended producer responsibility (EPR) are highly recommended.

scholarly journals Risk Perception and Bottled Drinking Water Consumption in Istanbul City

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-532
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Network Water ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Parallel to the increase in public concern about the safety of drinking water globally, the demand for bottled water has increased in almost every country. Although tap water is significantly cheaper than bottled water, consumers concerned about the safety of tap water. They still prefer the bottled water despite several checks implemented in tap water networks. The present paper aims to discuss network water quality in the city of Istanbul, Turkey and to present the findings on a related survey conducted by the authors. The survey was conducted with the participation of 980 individuals living in different districts in Istanbul and the findings were assessed to determine the public perception about tap water quality and bottled water consumption especially after the experienced years of drought and water quality concerns. Findings demonstrated that several individuals never drink tap water and certain individuals do not utilize tap water at all. It was found that only 4% in the surveyed group drink tap water without hesitation. Based on survey findings, the abovementioned group was mainly among the lowest income group in the sample. When purchasing bottled water, several individuals preferred the well-known brands. It was found that the most significant reasons for preferring bottled water were the nice taste of the bottled spring water, which was perceived not to exist in tap water. It was concluded that drinking water treatment facilities and regulations are required to cater the future quality demands. Furthermore, it was determined that adequate inspections and controls on network water are necessary.

Determinants of bottled and purified water consumption: results based on an OECD survey

Water Policy ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 668-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Johnstone ◽  
Ysé Serret
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
The Face ◽  
Tap Water Quality ◽  
The Individual

In the face of dissatisfaction with the quality of public water supply, there is significant ‘willingness-to-pay’ for improved services. However, pressuring authorities for public sector investments in water quality services is not the only means at the disposal of households to bring about improvements in drinking water quality. On the one hand, households can invest in purification systems at the level of the individual household. On the other, they can consume bottled water for their drinking needs. Based on a survey of 10,000 households, this paper analyses the determinants of a household's decision to purchase bottled water or invest in a purification system. Negative perceptions of tap water quality (health and taste concerns) affect the decision to purchase bottled water and home purification, with much greater effect on bottled water consumption. The same is true of household income. Household size, the presence of children in the household and length of residence affects the decision to invest in purification, but not bottled water consumption. Concern about solid waste has a negative impact on bottled water consumption, and car ownership has a positive impact.

scholarly journals Examining Recent Trends in the Racial Disparity Gap in Tap Water Consumption: NHANES 2011–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Asher Y. Rosinger ◽  
Anisha I. Patel ◽  
Francesca Weaks
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Nationally Representative

Abstract Objective As tap water distrust has grown in the US with greater levels among Black and Hispanic households, we aimed to examine recent trends in not drinking tap water including the period covering the US Flint Water Crisis and racial/ethnic disparities in these trends. Design Cross-sectional analysis. We used log-binomial regressions and marginal predicted probabilities examined US nationally-representative trends in tap and bottled water consumption overall and by race/ethnicity. Setting The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, 2011–2018. Participants Nationally-representative sample of 9,439 children aged 2-19 and 17,268 adults. Results Among US children and adults, respectively, in 2017-2018 there was a 63% (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR]:1.63, 95%CI: 1.25-2.12, p<0.001) and 40% (PR:1.40, 95%CI: 1.16-1.69, p=0.001) higher prevalence of not drinking tap water compared to 2013-2014 (pre-Flint Water Crisis). For Black children and adults, the probability of not drinking tap water increased significantly from 18.1% (95%CI: 13.4-22.8) and 24.6% (95%CI: 20.7-28.4) in 2013–14 to 29.3% (95%CI: 23.5-35.1) and 34.5% (95%CI: 29.4-39.6) in 2017–2018. Among Hispanic children and adults, not drinking tap water increased significantly from 24.5% (95%CI: 19.4-29.6) and 27.1% (95%CI: 23.0-31.2) in 2013-14 to 39.7% (95%CI: 32.7-46.8) and 38.1% (95%CI: 33.0-43.1) in 2017-2018. No significant increases were observed among Asian or white persons between 2013-14 and 2017-18. Similar trends were found in bottled water consumption. Conclusions This study found persistent disparities in the tap water consumption gap from 2011–2018. Black and Hispanics’ probability of not drinking tap water increased following the Flint Water Crisis.

Survey of Bottled Drinking Water Sold in Canada. Part 1. Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Aluminum, and Fluoride

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W Dabeka ◽  
Henry B S Conacher ◽  
John Salminen ◽  
Gerald R Nixon ◽  
Gunther Riedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Mineral Spring ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
Drug Regulations ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Abstract Samples of bottled water (n = 172) offered for sale in Canada were analyzed for lead, cadmium, arsenic, aluminum, and fluoride: means and ranges (μg/g) found were, respectively, 0.0026 (&lt;0.0010- 0.074), 0.00018 (&lt;0.0001-0.0004), 0.0030 (&lt;0.001- 0.048), 0.027 (&lt;0.010-0.568), and 0.543 (&lt;0.050- 5.85). Comparison of levels among mineral waters (n = 64), spring waters (n = 77), and miscellaneous waters (n = 31) indicated appreciable differences only in the case of fluoride. For fluoride, the means and medians (μg/g) for mineral, spring, and miscellaneous waters were 1.179 and 0.455, 0.152 and 0.090, and 0.201 and &lt;0.050, respectively. No samples were found in violation of the tolerances in the Canadian Food and Drug Regulations; however, 1 sample (in a lead-soldered can) contained lead and 15 samples contained fluoride at levels above the limits recommended by the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water (tap-water) Quality.

scholarly journals Disparities in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (8) ◽  
pp. 1455-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Y Rosinger ◽  
Kirsten A Herrick ◽  
Amber Y Wutich ◽  
Jonathan S Yoder ◽  
Cynthia L Ogden
Keyword(s):  
National Health ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Nutrition Examination Survey ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Health And Nutrition

AbstractObjectiveDifferences in bottled v. tap water intake may provide insights into health disparities, like risk of dental caries and inadequate hydration. We examined differences in plain, tap and bottled water consumption among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics.DesignCross-sectional analysis. We used 24 h dietary recall data to test differences in percentage consuming the water sources and mean intake between groups using Wald tests and multiple logistic and linear regression models.SettingNational Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007–2014.SubjectsA nationally representative sample of 20 676 adults aged ≥20 years.ResultsIn 2011–2014, 81·4 (se 0·6) % of adults drank plain water (sum of tap and bottled), 55·2 (se 1·4) % drank tap water and 33·4 (se 1·4) % drank bottled water on a given day. Adjusting for covariates, non-Hispanic (NH) Black and Hispanic adults had 0·44 (95 % CI 0·37, 0·53) and 0·55 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·66) times the odds of consuming tap water, and consumed B=−330 (se 45) ml and B=−180 (se 45) ml less tap water than NH White adults, respectively. NH Black, Hispanic and adults born outside the fifty US states or Washington, DC had 2·20 (95 % CI 1·79, 2·69), 2·37 (95 % CI 1·91, 2·94) and 1·46 (95 % CI 1·19, 1·79) times the odds of consuming bottled water than their NH White and US-born counterparts. In 2007–2010, water filtration was associated with higher odds of drinking plain and tap water.ConclusionsWhile most US adults consumed plain water, the source (i.e. tap or bottled) and amount differed by race/Hispanic origin, nativity status and education. Water filters may increase tap water consumption.

scholarly journals Drinking water consumption patterns in Canadian communities (2001–2007)

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Roche ◽  
A. Q. Jones ◽  
S. E. Majowicz ◽  
S. A. McEwen ◽  
K. D. M. Pintar
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Pooled Analysis ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Water Users

A pooled analysis of seven cross-sectional studies from Newfoundland and Labrador, Waterloo and Hamilton Regions, Ontario and Vancouver, East Kootenay and Northern Interior Regions, British Columbia (2001 to 2007) was performed to investigate the drinking water consumption patterns of Canadians and to identify factors associated with the volume of tap water consumed. The mean volume of tap water consumed was 1.2 L/day, with a large range (0.03 to 9.0 L/day). In-home water treatment and interactions between age and gender and age and bottled water use were significantly associated with the volume of tap water consumed in multivariable analyses. Approximately 25% (2,221/8,916) of participants were classified as bottled water users, meaning that 75% or more of their total daily drinking water intake was bottled. Approximately 48.6% (4,307/8,799) of participants used an in-home treatment method to treat their tap water for drinking purposes. This study provides a broader geographic perspective and more current estimates of Canadian water consumption patterns than previous studies. The identified factors associated with daily water consumption could be beneficial for risk assessors to identify individuals who may be at greater risk of waterborne illness.

scholarly journals A community outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection from a chlorinated public water supply

2007 ◽  
Vol 135 (7) ◽  
pp. 1151-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. RICHARDSON ◽  
D. Rh. THOMAS ◽  
R. M. M. SMITH ◽  
L. NEHAUL ◽  
C. D. RIBEIRO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Public Water Supply ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Maintenance And Inspection

SUMMARYAn outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni infection occurred in a South Wales Valleys housing estate. Illness in estate residents was associated with tap water consumption [population attributable risk (PAR) 50%, relative risk (RR) 2·53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·9–3·37] and residence in the upper estate (PAR 49%, RR 2·44, 95% CI 1·83–3·24). Amongst upper estate residents, rates of diarrhoeal illness increased with rates of water consumption (OR 18, 95% CI 3·5–92·4 for heaviest consumers, χ2 trend P<0·0001). The upper estate received mains water via a covered holding reservoir. A crack in the wall of the holding reservoir was identified. Contamination with surface water from nearby pasture land was the likely cause of this outbreak. Service reservoirs are common in rural communities and need regular maintenance and inspection. The role of water in sporadic cases of campylobacter enteritis may be underestimated.

scholarly journals Comparative Quality Analysis between Tap Water and Bottled Water

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
Hanaa A. Muhammad ◽  
Khalid N. Sediq ◽  
Kwestan H. Sdiq
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Aluminum Content ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Titration Method ◽  
Permissible Range

Recently, bottled water consumption has been increasing significantly, even when the quality of tap water is considered excellent, which contributes to plastic pollution. Besides, reducing the use of plastic generally is recommended world widely, as its consumption is in an alarming rate. Therefore, this study aims to compare the tap and bottled water and manifest the reasons behind choosing the bottled water, which is less comfortable and often more expensive over the tap water. In this study, samples have been taken from both bottled and tap water in Koya city from November 2020 to May 2021 to test their quality using PH, DO, EC, and TDS meter, hardness was determined by complexometric titration method at 21°C, and XRF spectrometers. According to the quality standards, most of the variables were in a permissible range, except for dissolved oxygen and Aluminum content in both types of water and TDS for two types of bottled water. However, the quality of tap water was much safer to be used, as compared with the bottled water. 

scholarly journals Providing Students with Adequate School Drinking Water Access in an Era of Aging Infrastructure: A Mixed Methods Investigation

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica L. Kenney ◽  
James G. Daly ◽  
Rebekka M. Lee ◽  
Rebecca S. Mozaffarian ◽  
Katherine Walsh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Water Access ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Aging Infrastructure

Ensuring students’ access to safe drinking water at school is essential. However, many schools struggle with aging infrastructure and subsequent water safety problems and have turned to bottled water delivery systems. Little is known about whether such systems are feasible and effective in providing adequate student water access. This study was a mixed-methods investigation among six schools in an urban district in the U.S. with two types of water delivery systems: (1) tap water infrastructure, with updated water fountains and bottle fillers, and (2) bottled water coolers. We measured students’ water consumption and collected qualitative data from students and teachers about their perceptions of school drinking water. Student water consumption was low—between 2.0 (SD: 1.4) ounces per student and 2.4 (SD: 1.1) ounces per student during lunch. Students and teachers reported substantial operational hurdles for relying on bottled water as a school’s primary source of drinking water, including difficulties in stocking, cleaning, and maintaining the units. While students and teachers perceived newer bottle filler units positively, they also reported a distrust of tap water. Bottled water delivery systems may not be effective long-term solutions for providing adequate school drinking water access and robust efforts are needed to restore trust in tap water.

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