scholarly journals Better intervention strategies are needed to reduce the risk of waterborne outbreaks

2005 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwin E. Geldreich
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
Unsafe Water ◽  
State Of Affairs

Field investigation of 27 medium to small water systems in Ontario Province has revealed a pattern of deviations in operations that is similar to those reported in the United States over the past 25 years. In this recent Ontario survey of water utilities, the key findings were: (1) a need for full cost pricing of public water supply to consumers; (2) better understanding of water treatment train performance; and (3) a need for management driven accountability to search beyond regulatory minimum requirements for safe water quality. Much of the deteriorating state of operations was a reflection of limited financial base to support an effective management programme. In the survey, small utilities were found to suffer the most from below cost operations which forced the application of a patchwork approach to water treatment and system repairs. Furthermore, small system water plant operators had rare opportunities to take part in workshops on technical issues. These utilities need to partner with the public on water supply issues for financial support to cover daily operations, infrastructure decay and emergency repairs. Ignoring system problems or applying patchwork remedies will eventually lead to unsafe water quality if the current state of affairs is not recognized as a dangerous public health risk.

The Status and Development of Water Treatment Technology for Supercritical Unit

2014 ◽  
Vol 940 ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
Guo Hua Lu ◽  
Qiao Ling Peng ◽  
Yang Mei ◽  
Zheng Feng Li ◽  
Shun An Cao
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Treatment Technology ◽  
The Status ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Development Prospects

The paper is to study the water treatment technologies for supercritical unit to improve its steam-water quality and ensure safe and economical operation. Based on lots of domestic and foreign literature and field investigation in some typical power plants, the paper summaries present situation and development prospects of the technology and system process of water treatment for supercritical unit, and also compared the technologies, including make-up water, condensate water and feed-water treatment, from theoretical and technical prospective.

scholarly journals Long-Term Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using Index and Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Three Water Treatment Plants of Erbil City, Iraq

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Hayder Mohammed Issa ◽  
Reem Ahmed Alrwai
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

Safe source of drinking water is always considered as an essential factor in water supply for cities and urban areas. As a part of this issue, drinking water quality is monitored via a useful scheme: developing drinking water quality index DWQI. DWQI is preferably used as it summarizes the whole physicochemical and bacteriological properties of a drinking water sample into a single and simple term. In this study, an evaluation was made for three drinking water treatment plants DWTPs named: Efraz 1, Efraz 2 and Efraz 3 that supply drinking water to Erbil City. The assessment was made by testing thirteen physicochemical and two bacteriological parameters during a long period of (2003 – 2017). It has been found that turbidity, electrical conductivity EC, total alkalinity, total hardness, total coliform and fecal coliform have more influence on drinking water quality. DWQI results showed that the quality of drinking water supplied by the three DWTPs in Erbil City fallen within good level. Except various occasional periods where the quality was varying from good to fair. The quality of the drinking water supply never reached the level of marginal or poor over the time investigated. The applied hierarchical clustering analysis HCA classifies the drinking water dataset into three major clusters, reflecting diverse sources of the physicochemical and bacteriological parameter: natural, agriculture and urban discharges.

Ozone: its effect on coagulation and filtration

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 81-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.C. Becker ◽  
C.R. O'Melia
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quality Characteristic ◽  
Cationic Polymers ◽  
Water Quality Characteristic ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
Coagulation And Filtration

The interest in ozone for drinking water treatment in the United States has increased dramatically in recent years due to new regulations and concern over Cryptosporidium. Ozone has many benefits, however, its expense is significant and its placement in the treatment train should be chosen with a sound understanding of its effect on other unit processes. The goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the effect of ozone on the coagulation and filtration processes. This is important given the enhanced coagulation requirements of the disinfection by-product rule and the filtered water quality goals of the Partnership for Safe Water. The effect of ozone on coagulation is shown to be dependent on the coagulant type and on the water quality characteristic that is setting the optimum coagulant dose. For waters with moderate to high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels, the coagulant dose is set by the DOC. Ozonation converts NOM into smaller, more oxygenated compounds, e.g. oxalic acid, that exert a greater metal salt coagulant demand than the parent compounds. In this case, higher dosages of alum or ferric chloride are needed. For low DOC waters, the coagulant dose is set by the particle and the adsorbed organic matter. Ozone may react with adsorbed DOC and alter the amount and conformation of adsorbed organic matter, which can lead to a decrease in the optimum coagulant dose. Finally, because cationic polymers react with particles and large organic matter (and not the smaller compounds formed after ozonation), the optimum polyelectrolyte coagulant dose after ozonation is reduced. Ozonation prior to filtration (intermediate ozonation) is shown to be beneficial for significantly reducing filtered water particle counts by as much as an order of magnitude.

Water quality considerations in developing a new resource for water supply within the midlands of England

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Smith ◽  
S. Crymble
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Programme ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Treatment Process ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Major Consideration

Increasing demand for limited water resources within the Midlands of England resulted in a lower quality river being considered for water supply in an area of high urban and rural population. A comprehensive water quality monitoring programme was undertaken on the river to compare its quality with other sources used for water supply. Concurrent with the monitoring programme a series of laboratory scale trials began to assess how the river water could be treated, and the costs involved. A major consideration was the need to provide treated water by the summer of 1997, which precluded a complete new water treatment process from being designed. The paper outlines the results from the monitoring programme, including some of the problem parameters such as pesticides at over 10 ug/l, and how some of the sources of these pollutants were identified. It also describes the treatment trials and explains how a water treatment process was developed which utilises disused gravel workings to provide bankside storage and a combination of powdered and granular activated carbon to remove organic pollutants.

Effect of Forest Cover on Water Treatment Costs

2017 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 1750006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Warziniack ◽  
Chi Ho Sham ◽  
Robert Morgan ◽  
Yasha Feferholtz
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
The Impact

This paper studies the relationship between forest cover and drinking water chemical treatment costs using land use data and a survey by the American Water Works Association (AWWA). The survey gathers cost and water quality data from 37 treatment plants in forested ecoregions of the United States. We model the effect of forest conversion on the cost of water treatment using a two-step process. First, we examine the effect of changes in land use on water quality through an ecological production function. Second, we examine the effect of changes in water quality on cost of treatment through an economic benefits function. We find a negative relationship between forest cover and turbidity, but no relationship between forest cover and total organic carbon (TOC). Increasing forest cover in a watershed by 1% reduces turbidity by 3%, and increasing development by 1% in a watershed increases turbidity by 3%. The impact of development is more consistent across models than the impact of forest cover. We also find a large impact on turbidity from grazing in the watershed. Our economic benefits function shows a 1% increase in turbidity increases water treatment costs by 0.19%, and 1% increase in TOC increases water treatment costs by 0.46%. TOC has a clearer impact on costs than turbidity, which becomes insignificant when we omit one of our observations with high turbidity.

scholarly journals Improving Filtrate Quality Using Agrobased Materials as Coagulant Aid

2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 745-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Kumar Raghuwanshi ◽  
Monika Mandloi ◽  
Arvind J. Sharma ◽  
Hanumat S. Malviya ◽  
Sanjeev Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Granular Media ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Treatment Train ◽  
Strychnos Potatorum ◽  
Filter Bed

Abstract In the present study, an evaluation of agrobased materials (ABM) as a coagulant aid in conjunction with alum has been conducted to determine their efficacy in water treatment. The agrobased materials evaluated are Surjana seed (Moringa oleifera), Nirmali seed (Strychnos potatorum) and maize (Zeemays). Experiments have been conducted simulating a conventional water treatment train consisting of coagulation-flocculation-settling and granular media filtration. Emphasis has been given to the filtration aspect of the treatment train using synthetic turbid water. The filter performance was defined by water quality and head loss development across the filter bed. When Nirmali seed or maize was used as a coagulant aid, the alum dose required was 25 and 15 mg/L, respectively, and the filtrate turbidity achieved was less than 0.2 NTU, whereas alum alone with a dose of 45 mg/L achieved filtrate turbidity levels higher than 1 NTU. Thus, the use of ABM improved the filtrate quality. Head loss in filter with Surjana seed and Maize as coagulant aids was comparable to that of alum alone, whereas it was higher when Nirmali seed was used as a coagulant aid.

scholarly journals Using an adaptive approach to the development of water purification system

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-135
Author(s):  
A. P. Levchuk ◽  
V. I. Maksin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Adaptive Approach

In terms of water consumption from decentralized water supply systems there are a number of problematic aspects that negatively affect water quality, especially drinking water supply, namely: lack of modern control methods and integrated water treatment systems, qualified service personnel, long logistics of components and reagents, long distances to the final water consumer, inability to respond timely to the need of control laboratory equipment calibration and the failure of units and others. Unpredictable natural or man-made factors further complicate these problematic aspects. All this and the constant changes in the requirements to water quality and technological processes, leads to the search of new, modern approaches to solving such problems and issues of uncentralized drinking water supply. Therefore, this paper analyzes the current experience of developing small autonomous water purification systems for drinking water supply, which do not require constant presence of the operator and laboratory quality control of water and can work automatically in difficult conditions. Also a rationale for technological and structural design as well as the description of adaptive water purification systems using an adaptive approach to the structure as a whole, individual units, assemblies and to the power supply of electrolytic processes, giving it adaptive properties for the use in modern drinking water treatment is provided in the paper. The adaptive function of neutralizing the manifestation of dangerous biological agents and the efficiency of the system is designed for man-made and natural emergencies and water disinfection from bacteria and viruses. The pH was chosen as the main control parameter of water quality. The system uses an effective process of synthesis by electrolytic methods of coagulant, disinfectant and destructive effects on hazardous biological agents - pulsed current with changing parameters and shape. In case a working solution changes the pH, the parameters of the pulsed load current are changed by the adaptive power supply to the most efficient one. The proposed approach and model of the system are effective and preventive and is offered as an option to improve existing water treatment systems for drinking water supply.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER SUPPLY SUPERVISION IN CLASS 1 PORT HEALTH OFFICE IN JUANDA AIRPORT WORKING AREA, SURABAYA

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
Rizky Nugrahanik ◽  
Bangun Cahyo Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Simple Chemical ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Unsafe Water ◽  
Port Health

ABSTRACTThe provision of clean water in the Class 1 Surabaya Port Health Office is supervised in accordance with the existing regulations to identify sources that could potentially cause pollution and prevent the occurrence of illness caused by unstandardized water quality and unsafe water supply. This study aimed to describe the implementation of clean water supply supervision in the Class 1 Surabaya Port Health Office in the Juanda Airport working area, Surabaya. This was an observational study which analysis was descriptive in nature. The clean water was tested for physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters, and the results showed that the water quality was in accordance with the Regulation of the Indonesian Ministry of Health No. 416 of 1990 about the Terms and Monitoring of Water Quality. However, the result from the simple chemical inspection test of the water showed that it did not fulfil health standards i.e., the residual chlorine score not equal to 0 (zero). It is suggested that more attention and supervision are conducted by water management authorities to ensure the standard residual chlorine level of 0 (zero). Additionally, expired reagents or reagents that have already changed color should not be used as it will affect the parameters tested. Keywords: Quality of clean water, clean water supply facilities, water sampling process

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