scholarly journals Illuminating utility benchmarking data with analysis and consumer feedback – insights from Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-362
Author(s):  
R. Ogata ◽  
N. Khatri ◽  
M. Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Consumer Survey ◽  
Biological Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Abstract The Government of Nepal, with the support of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), conducted a benchmarking activity with performance indicators, water quality tests, and a consumer survey for 26 larger and older town water supply services in the country. Performance indicators varied widely between the different towns: number of staff/1,000 connection (staff ratio), for example, ranged from 2.8 to 15.3, whereas water supply coverage ranged from 13.8% to 98.4%, and operating ratios which indicate financial performance ranged from 0.24 to 2.8. Critically poor biological water quality was found in water quality tests that 55% of tap water samples were Escherichia coli-contaminated. Overall, customer satisfaction ranged between 14% and 97%. Analysis showed that the operating ratio was significantly correlated with the staff ratio, the number of water supply connections, the water coverage, and the metered ratio. Results of water quality tests and the consumer survey revealed risk in direct drinking of tap water and a need to improve tap water quality by managing free residual chlorine and leakage reduction. Customers' satisfaction with water sufficiency was found to be significantly correlated with their perception of the reliability of supply time rather than the number of supply hours and water consumption rate. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

scholarly journals Network Model Analysis of Residual Chlorine to Reduce Disinfection Byproducts in Water Supply Systems in Yangon City, Myanmar

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2921
Author(s):  
Nwe Nwe Zin ◽  
Shinobu Kazama ◽  
Satoshi Takizawa
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Formation Kinetics ◽  
Chlorine Decay ◽  
Supply Systems

In Yangon City, chlorination commenced in January 2020 to supply drinkable water; therefore, there is as yet no information on chlorine decay and DBP formation in the water supply system. This study aimed to find methods to optimize chlorine dosage in Yangon City. Onsite sampling and laboratory analyses of residual chlorine and trihalomethane (THM) formation, as well as water quality simulations, were conducted to find the chlorine decay and THM formation kinetics. Due to a high chlorine dose of 2 mg/L for both pre- and post-chlorination, disinfection was effective despite the low removal efficiency of turbidity. However, THMs were found in high levels in both treated and tap water due to the high THM formation potential of raw water. The re-contamination and/or transformation of dissolved organic matter were found in the distribution network by increases in specific ultraviolet absorption (SUVA) values and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorophores, which brought about variations of THMs in the networks. The EPANET models were run assuming there to be no water leakages; it was found that the chlorine dose could be decreased to 0.8 mg/L to meet the guidelines for THMs and residual chlorine. The methods employed in this study could be also applied in other water supply systems in tropical developing countries with limited water quality monitoring data.

Drinking Water Quality: Temporary Deviations from Hygienic Standards

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
YuA Novikova ◽  
VN Fedorov ◽  
OS Alenteva ◽  
IO Myasnikov
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Quality ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Introduction: Current legislation permits a phased achievement of drinking water quality standards by making decisions on temporary deviations from hygienic standards for the period of design, construction, and/or upgrade of water supply facilities. Objective: To substantiate the mechanism for coordinating temporary deviations of concentrations of certain chemicals in drinking water from hygienic standards for the period of implementing measures for water quality improvement. Materials and methods: We applied methods of sanitary and epidemiological expert examination and assessment and the method of system analysis to review and study current regulations, results of laboratory testing of water quality in centralized cold water supply systems for 2011–2019, and action plans of 83 constituent entities of the Russian Federation for improvement of tap water quality. Results: We established that violation of hygienic standards was most often registered for aluminum, boron, bromine, iron, silicon, lithium, magnesium, manganese, sodium, and chloroform. Hygienic requirements for tap water quality determine necessary technological solutions to be implemented at water treatment facilities; yet, their implementation requires a certain amount of time and might cause temporary tap water quality deterioration making it necessary to agree with the local bodies in charge of federal sanitary and epidemiological surveillance a phased transition to eliminating threat to public health from poor quality drinking water. Conclusions: The authors propose an algorithm for conducting a risk assessment and a mechanism for decision making on temporary deviations.

Development of an all-solid-state residual chlorine sensor for tap water quality monitoring

2017 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 1037-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Kato ◽  
Natsumi Hirano ◽  
Shinji Okazaki ◽  
Satoru Matsushita ◽  
Tomoo Gomei
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Tap Water Quality

scholarly journals Water Supply Challenges in Rural Areas: A Case Study from Central Kazakhstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alua Omarova ◽  
Kamshat Tussupova ◽  
Peder Hjorth ◽  
Marat Kalishev ◽  
Raushan Dosmagambetova
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Rural water supplies have traditionally been overshadowed by urban ones. That must now change, as the Sustainable Development Goals calls for water for all. The objective of the paper is to assess the current access to and the perceived water quality in villages with various types of water supply. The survey was carried out during July–December 2017 in four villages in central Kazakhstan. Overall, 1369 randomly selected households were interviewed. The results revealed that even though villagers were provided with tap water, significant numbers used alternative sources. There were three reasons for this situation: residents’ doubts regarding the tap water quality; use of other sources out of habit; and availability of cheaper or free sources. Another problem concerned the volume of water consumption, which dropped sharply with decreased quality or inconvenience of sources used by households. Moreover, people gave a poor estimate to the quality and reliability of water from wells, open sources and tankered water. The paper suggests that as well decentralization of water management as monitoring of both water supply and water use are essential measures. There must be a tailor-made approach to each village for achieving the Sustainable Development Goal of providing rural Kazakhstan with safe water.

scholarly journals Tap Water Quality: Seasonal User Surveys in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3841
Author(s):  
Józef Ober ◽  
Janusz Karwot
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
World Literature ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Profit Analysis ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Security of supply of water, which meets the quality parameters specified in applicable standards, is now the basis for the functioning of most societies. In addition to climatic, biological, chemical, and physical hazards, it is worth paying attention to consumers’ subjective perception of the quality of tap water supplied in the area of Poland. The article discusses various activities related to water resources management and analyses the results of an evaluation of selected quality parameters of tap water in Poland. A novelty on a European scale here is an examination of the evaluation of these parameters based on potential seasonal differences (spring, summer, autumn, winter). For the first time in the world literature, PROFIT analysis was used to evaluate selected parameters of tap water quality. The aim of the article was to present a model for the evaluation of the parameters of tap water supplied in different seasons of the year in Poland. Due to the complexity of the research aspects, a mixed-methods research procedure was used in which a literature review was combined with a survey and statistical analysis. For the purpose of the survey, an original survey questionnaire called “Survey of customer opinions on selected parameters of tap water supplied in Poland” was developed especially for this study. The conducted research confirmed the adopted hypothesis that the results of evaluation of selected tap water parameters vary depending on the period (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in Poland. The model developed by means of PROFIT analysis makes it possible to highlight to water suppliers the specific quality parameters in particular seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn, winter), which may improve the quality of water supplied in Poland and thus, in the long-term perspective, increase the level of satisfaction of water recipients and confidence in drinking tap water in Poland.

A time series study of anti-diarrheal drug sales and tap-water quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Beaudeau ◽  
Pierre Payment ◽  
Dominique Bourderont ◽  
Francois Mansotte ◽  
Onealy Boudhabay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Time Series Study ◽  
Drug Sales ◽  
Tap Water Quality ◽  
Series Study

scholarly journals An investigation of tap water quality in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-196
Author(s):  
HO Salah ◽  
IM Sujaul ◽  
Md Abdul Karim ◽  
MH Mohd Nasir ◽  
A Abdalmnam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Total Hardness ◽  
Aspergillus Aculeatus ◽  
Purpureocillium Lilacinum ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Assessment of the quality of tap water at Kuantan area of Pahang, Malaysia was investigated. The parameters analyzed were total coliform, Escherichia coli, pH, total hardness, sulfate, and selected heavy metal based on drinking water quality standard Malaysia and WHO. The results showed that the fungi in the tap water in Kuantan area in different concentrations were Aspergillus sp., Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Penicillium citrinum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cerrena sp., Aspergillus aculeatus, A. flavus, Cryptococcus sp., Cladosporium perangustum, Purpureocillium lilacinum and Candida catenulata. The residual free chlorine varied from 0.05 to 1.97 mg/l.

Survey of Bottled Drinking Water Sold in Canada. Part 1. Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Aluminum, and Fluoride

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 949-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W Dabeka ◽  
Henry B S Conacher ◽  
John Salminen ◽  
Gerald R Nixon ◽  
Gunther Riedel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Mineral Spring ◽  
Bottled Drinking Water ◽  
Drug Regulations ◽  
Tap Water Quality

Abstract Samples of bottled water (n = 172) offered for sale in Canada were analyzed for lead, cadmium, arsenic, aluminum, and fluoride: means and ranges (μg/g) found were, respectively, 0.0026 (<0.0010- 0.074), 0.00018 (<0.0001-0.0004), 0.0030 (<0.001- 0.048), 0.027 (<0.010-0.568), and 0.543 (<0.050- 5.85). Comparison of levels among mineral waters (n = 64), spring waters (n = 77), and miscellaneous waters (n = 31) indicated appreciable differences only in the case of fluoride. For fluoride, the means and medians (μg/g) for mineral, spring, and miscellaneous waters were 1.179 and 0.455, 0.152 and 0.090, and 0.201 and <0.050, respectively. No samples were found in violation of the tolerances in the Canadian Food and Drug Regulations; however, 1 sample (in a lead-soldered can) contained lead and 15 samples contained fluoride at levels above the limits recommended by the Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water (tap-water) Quality.

scholarly journals Estimation of Tap Water Quality in Babylon Governorate /Iraq, (2017) in Accordance with CCME

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.20) ◽  
pp. 477
Author(s):  
Zahraa Ali Hammood ◽  
Elaf Jassim Mahan ◽  
Halah Kadhim Tayyeh
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Study Interval ◽  
Canadian Council ◽  
Tap Water Quality ◽  
Ccme Wqi ◽  
Council Of Ministers

This research included evaluation quality of water by utilizing Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) by analyzing many chemical and physical properties of tap water (inside houses) for five regions (AL Musayab, AL Kasim, AL kifil, AL Mahawil and Hilla Center) in Babylon Governorate, Iraq. The properties included (PH, temperature, Ec, Hardness, turbidity, T.D.S, Ca, So4, Mg) through three months (January, February, and March) / 2017. The evaluated amounts of CCME WQI proved that the quality of water round five regions were good through study interval and calculated amounts of properties were in Iraqi standards of drinking water (No. 417,2001) except Ca and turbidity.   

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document