scholarly journals Investigation into untreated greywater reuse practices by suburban households under the threat of intermittent water supply

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Nel ◽  
H. E. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Online Forums ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Suburban Communities ◽  
Case Study Site ◽  
The City ◽  
Greywater Reuse

Abstract Untreated greywater reuse at the household level is an accessible water source to supplement non-potable water requirements in times of emergency water curtailments but poses various risks to the consumer, the wider community, infrastructure and the environment. Little information is known about unregulated, untreated greywater reuse practices under emergency conditions in suburban communities where consumers have become accustomed to reliable potable water supplied via a pressurised, piped distribution system. There is a lack of knowledge regarding the sources of greywater used, collection methods, storage and distribution of greywater, the application points, the level of treatment (if any) and the perceived risks associated with the greywater reuse. The City of Cape Town was selected as a case study site for research into greywater reuse under the threat of ‘Day Zero’ and stringent water restrictions, implemented during the 2017/2018 summer season. A consumer survey and analysis of relevant online forums was conducted in order to obtain the necessary information. Greywater reuse practices from a sample group of 351 consumers were identified and classified. Untreated greywater reuse was found to be common, mainly for garden irrigation and toilet flushing. The results point to high-risk activities in the study group.

Decentralized System of Greywater Recycling for Sustainable Urban Water Source (Case Study: Surakarta City-Indonesia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 845 ◽  
pp. 18-23
Author(s):  
Siti Qomariyah
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Decentralized System ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Drainage Channels ◽  
Source Case ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The City

Fresh water resources have been depleted and polluted globally. Many developed countries have encouraged in using grey water recycling as an alternative water resource. Many developing countries are however very slow to adopt the need for the alternative. Surakarta City is the second largest city in Central Java Province, Indonesia. The city is experiencing in drought and flooding. Rivers and groundwater have been polluted as well. This paper recommended decentralized urban greywater management strategies with two greywater treatment systems i.e. Two-stage and Subsurface constructed wetland systems. The application of the systems could provide householders getting significant water saving, reducing the amount of wastewater entering the existing drainage channels, and improving surface and groundwater quality.

scholarly journals Strip plazas in the suburbs: a redevelopment framework for convenience centres

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Elizabeth Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Suburban Communities ◽  
The People ◽  
Post War ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City

Convenience centres are a prominent retail form in the suburban communities of Toronto. Built to satisfy the goods and service needs of the people who inhabit the suburbs, convenience centres were first built in the post-war era, and consist of one-story retail units connected by a shared canopy. They have one or more rows of parking adjacent to the street and are designed to create a convenient experience for drivers. Convenience centres in Toronto typically occupy real estate along the Avenues and major arterial roads: areas designated in the City of Toronto Official plan to support future intensification, density, and housing. Therefore, the research in this project describes a set of recommendations in the form of a framework for redevelopment of convenience centres. It also outlines a case study for a site in Scarborough, Ontario, in which this framework was applied. Key words: retail; strip plaza; convenience centre; suburbs; redevelopment; Toronto;

scholarly journals Assessment and reform of greywater reuse policies and practice: a case study from Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-396
Author(s):  
Abdallah Shanableh ◽  
Mohamad Ali Khalil ◽  
Mohamed Abdallah ◽  
Noora Darwish ◽  
Adel Tayara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Use ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
The City ◽  
New Buildings ◽  
Greywater Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Generation

Abstract This article presents an assessment of one of the earliest greywater reuse (GWR) experiences in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE). In 2003, the Sharjah Electricity and Water Authority (SEWA) imposed a compulsory GWR program on various categories of new buildings in the city. However, implementation of the program faced significant resistance and setbacks and remained limited to about 200 buildings, representing less than 2% water savings. In the analysis presented in this study, the need for GWR was assessed through analyzing SEWA's water supply and demand projections, conducting a 12-month water use survey of 285,000 Sharjah residents from about 140 nationalities, and identifying the areas in the city with intense water use. In addition, analysis and reforms of the various aspects of SEWA's GWR reuse policies and practice were presented and discussed. Reforming the policy to increase GWR to about 10% water savings can lead to significant reductions in desalinated water consumption and wastewater generation and consequently significant reductions in desalination cost (35 million USD/y), energy consumption (225,840 MWh/year) and CO2 emissions (120 ton/year). The case study presented in the article can serve as a reference to guide GWR policies and practice, especially for local authorities in developing countries.

scholarly journals Reduction of Potable Water Consumption and Sewage Generation on a City Scale: A Case Study in Brazil

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cureau ◽  
Ghisi
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Water Savings ◽  
The Public ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
The City ◽  
Greywater Reuse

This article aims to estimate the reduction of potable water consumption and sewage generation in the city of Joinville, southern Brazil. Four strategies were considered to promote potable water savings: replacement of conventional toilets with dual-flush ones, greywater reuse, rainwater harvesting, and the combination of these three strategies. Residential, public, and commercial sectors were assessed. The potential for potable water savings ranged from 1.7% to 50.5%, and the potential for sewage generation reduction ranged from 2.1% to 52.1%. The single-family residential sector was the most representative for water savings and sewage generation reduction. The public sector would be the least contributor to such reductions. It was found that in the city of Joinville, for low non-potable water demands, greywater reuse was the most viable strategy to save water. When non-potable demand is high and there is a large catchment area, it is recommended to install rainwater harvesting systems. It was concluded that there is a high potential for potable water savings and reduction of sewage generation if measures were adopted in Joinville, but it is necessary to evaluate which strategy is the most appropriate for each building.

Controlling taste and odour events for the city of Philadelphia, USA: a case study

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. (Mel) Suffet ◽  
Gary Burlingame ◽  
Erin Mackey
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Early Warning ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Consumer Complaints ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Drinking Waters ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
The City

The overall goal of this case study is to describe the history and present methods that the Philadelphia Water Department (PWD) uses to address its on-going earthy and musty drinking water T&O problems. The Philadelphia Water Department has developed a baseline for its water's aesthetic qualities since the early 1980’s. Philadelphia feels it has sufficient resources to control taste and odour problems. However, when directly asked, only 61–64% of the consumers are satisfied with the taste and odour of Philadelphia's drinking waters. A taste and odour early warning system is being developed for the two drinking water sources, the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers. Secondly, routine T&O panels and chemical analysis of geosmin and MIB are completed. Since the year 2000, 10 ng/L has become an early warning wake-up call for PWD. When higher levels are observed, testing is a priority, the source of the T&O is investigated and consumer complaints are monitored carefully. Present water treatment plants are conventional with chlorine disinfection, coagulation/sedimentation, rapid dual media filtration and final chloramination. The PWD uses powdered activated carbon, river water bypass and hydraulic changes in the distribution system to minimise odour events.

Institutional and policy analysis of wastewater (re)use for agriculture: case study Hyderabad, India

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Saldías ◽  
S. Speelman ◽  
P. Amerasinghe ◽  
G. van Huylenbroeck
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Institutional Analysis ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Agricultural Use ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The City

Wastewater constitutes an alternative water source for the irrigation sector. To fully benefit from it, and reduce possible adverse effects on public health and the environment, we need to look at the regulation of the practice. A prerequisite for this is an institutional analysis, and the points to consider are the institutional mandates. We used the city of Hyderabad, India, as a case study. There, irrigation with wastewater is not supported or recognized, but it happens in practice. It takes place in an indirect and unplanned way. Institutions fail at enforcing regulations, and little attention is given to formalization of the practice. With this article, we aim to untangle the institutional setup, and by doing so, identify the constraints surrounding development of a formal practice. Ultimately, we aim at contributing to the discussion on the agricultural use of wastewater.

scholarly journals Sub Zoning as a Measure for Water Supply Optimization—Case Study of the City of Nikšić

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Daničić ◽  
Dejan Dimkić ◽  
Mira Papović ◽  
Darko Kovač
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Operation Analysis ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Supply Optimization ◽  
The City

The drinking water supply of the city of Nikšić, the second largest city in the Republic of Montenegro, is secured from a nearby karstic groundwater resources. Water is transported from two different directions (two sources) into the distribution system. At the end of the distribution system, on the opposite side of water resources, there is a counter tank, as the only storage capacity for leveling the inflow and consumption in the system. However, the interplay of the three vital water supply capacities (two water sources and counter tank) does not meet the requirements of regular supply, to the point where it is necessary to disconnect the tank, from regular operation. The existing system, which operates without leveling space, is fraught with numerous problems, ranging from the appearance of significant temporal and spatial pressure variations, to the inability of delivering the needed quantities to the peripheral parts of the system, in seasonal peaks of consumption. During International project Drinkadria (2013–2016), efforts for solving numerated problems were done. This paper provides an overview of activities on system operation analysis, based on simulation modeling and definition of technical solution, proposed in the form of subzoning. Realization of proposed subzones will put all capacities in the full operation state, with the realization of stable pressures in the system, and with a regular supply of all parts of the system in all predictable modes of consumption.

Urban Cultural Route: New Idea for Urban Community Renewal - Case Study on Yuzhong District in Chongqing

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 1749-1755
Author(s):  
Ling Huang ◽  
Hong Wei Xiao ◽  
Jian Feng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Community Culture ◽  
Residential Communities ◽  
Site Survey ◽  
Case Study Site ◽  
New Type ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
The City

Under the rapid development of urban modernization, old residential communities in big cities are facing the trends of disintegration of social relationships and crisis of community culture. By introducing the concept of " Cultural Route " which is a new type of world historical heritage in recent years, taking its implication of " cross-regional, historicity, culture, dynamic and linear " as use for reference, and applying it to research of old residential communities renewal which full with spatial characteristics of "island" and "marginalized", this paper attempts to make use of concept “Cultural Route" to find local historical cultural resources in Yuzhong district, city center of Chongqing, and to form the “City Cultural Route" with properties of local life and urban tourism. The paper uses the way of case study, site survey, data analysis and finally concludes a new method to revive existing old communities in Chongqing.

scholarly journals Strip plazas in the suburbs: a redevelopment framework for convenience centres

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Elizabeth Hickey
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Service Needs ◽  
Suburban Communities ◽  
The People ◽  
Post War ◽  
A Site ◽  
The City

Convenience centres are a prominent retail form in the suburban communities of Toronto. Built to satisfy the goods and service needs of the people who inhabit the suburbs, convenience centres were first built in the post-war era, and consist of one-story retail units connected by a shared canopy. They have one or more rows of parking adjacent to the street and are designed to create a convenient experience for drivers. Convenience centres in Toronto typically occupy real estate along the Avenues and major arterial roads: areas designated in the City of Toronto Official plan to support future intensification, density, and housing. Therefore, the research in this project describes a set of recommendations in the form of a framework for redevelopment of convenience centres. It also outlines a case study for a site in Scarborough, Ontario, in which this framework was applied. Key words: retail; strip plaza; convenience centre; suburbs; redevelopment; Toronto;

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