A regional approach to optimizing the location of rural handpumps

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar S. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
Sub Saharan

Many rural water supply projects in sub-Saharan Africa are based on the installation of public handpumps. One of the key benefits of these projects is distance and time savings. Surprisingly, references to rural water planning rarely provide systematic approaches to optimizing distance-related benefits. This paper develops a conceptual model to identify the number and location of point sources that maximizes benefits to consumers, thereby serving as an aid to decision makers in identifying good alternatives. The proposed model is based on willingness to pay, a location model to identify optimal locations of sources, and a cost–benefit analysis. The model shows that as the number of sources increases, the distance between households and sources decreases but the user fee must increase to generate the revenue required to maintain them. Higher fees will dissuade households from using the point sources and hence reduce the aggregate distance savings that accrue. This suggests that there is an optimal number and location of point sources.

scholarly journals A cost-benefit framework for evaluating conditional cash-transfer programs

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Brent
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Orphans And Vulnerable Children ◽  
Transfer Programs ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Following the prototype of Mexico’s Progresa program, a number of countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have initiated conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs. More recently, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have followed suit. However, no comprehensive framework to carry out a cost-benefit analysis (CBA) exists. This paper presents such a CBA framework for CCTs which enables design features such as targeting and conditionality to be separately evaluated. The framework is applied to an evaluation of a CCT program for orphans and vulnerable children in Kenya. The role of conditionality in SSA and the need for distribution weights is discussed.

scholarly journals The value of travel time savings in freight transport: a meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jawaher Binsuwadan ◽  
Gerard De Jong ◽  
Richard Batley ◽  
Phill Wheat
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Survey Respondent ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Marginal Rate ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
Time Savings

AbstractThe value of freight travel time savings (VFTTS) is a monetary value that is considered an important input into cost–benefit analysis and traffic forecasting. The VFTTS is defined as the marginal rate of substitution between travel time and cost and may therefore differ across firms, time and countries. The paper aims to explain variations in the VFTTS by using the meta-analysis method. The analysis covers 106 monetary valuations extracted from 56 studies conducted from 1988 to 2018 in countries across the globe. The meta-analysis method determines the factors that have an impact on these VFTTS variations. The paper briefly introduces the VFTTS concept and describes the adopted meta-analysis methodology, wherein different meta-models are used in VFTTS estimations. The results highlight the necessity of including multiple explanatory variables to ensure adequate explanation of the VFTTS variations. The findings also show that GDP per capita, transport mode and type of survey respondent are statistically significant variables. The paper sheds some light on the variations, thereby advancing the understanding of each factor’s effects on the VFTTS. Furthermore, meta-model outcomes are used to generate new values of travel time savings for different transport modes in freight transport, for several countries. These implied VFTTS can be used as benchmarks to assess existing evidence or provide new evidence to countries where no such values exist.

scholarly journals Modeling and Cost Benefit Analysis to Guide Deployment of POC Diagnostics for Non-typhoidal Salmonella Infections with Antimicrobial Resistance

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie Manore ◽  
Todd Graham ◽  
Alexa Carr ◽  
Alicia Feryn ◽  
Shailja Jakhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Salmonella Infections

ABSTRACTInvasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is among the leading causes of blood stream infections in sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions, especially among pediatric populations. Invasive NTS can be difficult to treat and have high case-fatality rates, in part due to emergence of strains resistant to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Furthermore, improper treatment contributes to increased antibiotic resistance and death. Point of care (POC) diagnostic tests that rapidly identify invasive NTS infection, and differentiate between resistant and non-resistant strains, may greatly improve patient outcomes and decrease resistance at the community level. Here we present for the first time a model for NTS dynamics in high risk populations that can analyze the potential advantages and disadvantages of four strategies involving POC diagnostic deployment, and the resulting impact on antimicrobial treatment for patients. Our analysis strongly supports the use of POC diagnostics coupled with targeted antibiotic use for patients upon arrival in the clinic for optimal patient and public health outcomes. We show that even the use of imperfect POC diagnostics can significantly reduce total costs and number of deaths, provided that the diagnostic gives results quickly enough that patients are likely to return or stay to receive targeted treatment.

Illustrating the Monetary Impact of Transportation Projects/Alternatives using the Values of Travel Time and Travel Time Reliability

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (51) ◽  
pp. 88-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata R. Duddu ◽  
Srinivas S. Pulugurtha ◽  
Praveena Penmetsa
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Transportation Systems ◽  
Travel Time Reliability ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Transportation Projects ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
The Impact

State agencies, regional agencies, cities, towns, and local municipalities design and maintain transportation systems for the benefit of users by improving mobility, reducing travel time, and enhancing safety. Cost–benefit analysis based on travel time savings and the value of reliability helps these agencies in prioritizing transportation projects or when evaluating transportation alternatives. This paper illustrates the use of monetary values of travel time savings and travel time reliability, computed for the state of North Carolina, to help assess the impact of transportation projects or alternatives. The results obtained indicate that, based on the illustration of the effect and impact of various transportation projects or alternatives, both improved travel time and reliability on roads yield significant monetary benefits. However, from cost–benefit analysis, it is observed that greater benefits can be achieved through improved reliability compared with benefits from a decrease in travel time for a given section of road.

An Overview of Population Growth and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
pp. 480-499
Author(s):  
Vincent Sebastian Pande ◽  
Neema Penance Kumburu
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Realistic Approach ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Ssa Countries

Development efforts in several countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are harmed by a combination of many factors, high rates of population growth being among of them. Despite the strong links between population and sustainable development, these issues were not a priority in broader development policies and strategies in SSA. Population and sustainable development had been often addressed separately at policy and programme levels. Despite the fact that decision makers in these countries recognize the importance of population issues for sustainable development, these issues are rarely worked on together, limiting the payoff that could result from integrating the two. This chapter, therefore, re-examines and relates these two concepts to see their compatibility and provides a more realistic approach in converting population growth into economic gains for future development of SSA countries and Africa in general.

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