scholarly journals Dual-use value of network partitioning for water system management and protection from malicious contamination

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Di Nardo ◽  
Michele Di Natale ◽  
Dino Musmarra ◽  
Giovanni Francesco Santonastaso ◽  
Velitchko Tzatchkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
System Management ◽  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Dual Use ◽  
Malicious Attack ◽  
Remote Control System ◽  
Large Water ◽  
Water Network Partitioning

This paper considers the introduction of a contaminant into a water supply system using a backflow attack. The recent development of techniques for water network sectorization, aimed at improving the management of water systems, is also an efficient way to protect networks from intentional contamination and to reduce the risk of the dangerous effects of network contamination. Users can be significantly protected by isolated district meter areas (i-DMAs) in the water network and the closing of the gate valves by a remote control system to implement such i-DMAs in cases of malicious attacks. This study investigates the effects of different approaches for water network partitioning and sectorization to protect networks using a technique for designing i-DMAs that is compatible with hydraulic performance and that is based on graph theory and heuristic optimization. For this analysis, the introduction of cyanide through a backflow attack was assumed. The methodology was tested on a large water network in Mexico and displayed good protection from a malicious attack.

scholarly journals Graph Neural Network for Integrated Water Network Partitioning and Dynamic District Metered Areas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEZHEN RONG ◽  
Minglei Fu ◽  
JIAWEI CHEN ◽  
LEJIN ZHENG ◽  
JIANFENG ZHENG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Practical Case ◽  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Search Range ◽  
Water Network Partitioning

Abstract Water distribution systems (WDSs) are used to transmit and distribute water resources in cities. Water distribution networks (WDNs) are partitioned into district metered areas (DMAs) by water network partitioning (WNP), which can be used for leak control, pollution monitoring, and pressure optimization in WDS management. In order to overcome the limitations of optimal search range and the decrease of recovery ability caused by two-step WNP and fixed DMAs in previous studies, this study developed a new method combining a graph neural network to realize integrated WNP and dynamic DMAs to optimize WDS management and respond to emergencies. The proposed method was tested in a practical case study; the results showed that good hydraulic performance of the WDN was maintained and that dynamic DMAs demonstrated excellent stability in emergency situations, which proves the effectiveness of the method in WNP.

Performance indices for water network partitioning and sectorization

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Nardo ◽  
M. Di Natale ◽  
G. F. Santonastaso ◽  
V. G. Tzatchkov ◽  
V. H. Alcocer-Yamanaka
Keyword(s):  
System Performance ◽  
Pressure Variation ◽  
Fire Fighting ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Network Resilience ◽  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Water Network Partitioning

Water network partitioning in district metering areas, or sectorization, is an important process for improving water network management. It can help water utilities to implement active leakage control, conduct pressure management, and prevent network contamination. It is generally achieved by closing some network pipes, thus reducing pipe redundancy and affecting system performance. No systematic set of performance indices has been defined to evaluate a sectorization design and thus allow for a comparison of different possible sectorizations on a formal basis. In this paper, several performance indices for water network partitioning are proposed and tested using two real water supply systems: Parete in Italy and Matamoros in Mexico. Both systems' sectorizations were previously designed by a novel effective automatic technique recently developed by the authors. For both the original and sectorized networks, the proposed performance indices considered energy dissipated in the network, network resilience, pressure variation, fire-fighting capacity, water age, and mechanical redundancy. Network resilience appears to be the most representative index for the entire network, whereas pressure variation indices are more appropriate for describing individual districts. Except for fire-fighting capacity in one network, system performance did not appear to be affected significantly after sectorization.

scholarly journals Water Network Partitioning into District Metered Areas: A State-Of-The-Art Review

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Khoa Bui ◽  
Malvin S. Marlim ◽  
Doosun Kang
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Water Network Partitioning

A water distribution network (WDN) is an indispensable element of civil infrastructure that provides fresh water for domestic use, industrial development, and fire-fighting. However, in a large and complex network, operation and management (O&M) can be challenging. As a technical initiative to improve O&M efficiency, the paradigm of “divide and conquer” can divide an original WDN into multiple subnetworks. Each subnetwork is controlled by boundary pipes installed with gate valves or flow meters that control the water volume entering and leaving what are known as district metered areas (DMAs). Many approaches to creating DMAs are formulated as two-phase procedures, clustering and sectorizing, and are called water network partitioning (WNP) in general. To assess the benefits and drawbacks of DMAs in a WDN, we provide a comprehensive review of various state-of-the-art approaches, which can be broadly classified as: (1) Clustering algorithms, which focus on defining the optimal configuration of DMAs; and (2) sectorization procedures, which physically decompose the network by selecting pipes for installing flow meters or gate valves. We also provide an overview of emerging problems that need to be studied.

scholarly journals Ant Algorithm for Smart Water Network Partitioning

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 525-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Di Nardo ◽  
M. Di Natale ◽  
R. Greco ◽  
G.F. Santonastaso
Keyword(s):  
Ant Algorithm ◽  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Water Network Partitioning

scholarly journals An Improved Genetic Algorithm for Optimal Layout of Flow Meters and Valves in Water Network Partitioning

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Shao ◽  
Huaqi Yao ◽  
Tuqiao Zhang ◽  
Shipeng Chu ◽  
Xiaowei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Divide And Conquer ◽  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Improved Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Flow Meters ◽  
Water Network Partitioning

The paradigm of “divide and conquer” has been well used in Water Distribution Systems (WDSs) zoning planning in recent years. Indeed, Water Network Partitioning (WNP) has played an irreplaceable role in leakage control and pressure management; meanwhile it also has certain drawbacks, such as reduction of the supply reliability of the pipe network system and increased terminal dead water, as a result of the closure of the pipe section. In this paper, an improvement is made to the method proposed by Di Nardo et al. (2013) for optimal location of flow meters and valves. Three improvements to the genetic algorithm are proposed in this work for better and faster optimization in the dividing phase of WNP: preliminary hydraulic analysis which reduces the number of decision variables; modifications to the crossover mechanism to protect the superior individuals in the later stage; and boundary pipe grouping and mutation based on the pipe importance. The objective function considers the master–subordinate relationship when minimizing the number of flow meters and the difference of hydraulic state compared to original WDS. Another objective function of minimizing the deterioration of water quality compared to original WDS is also evaluated. The proposed method is applied for the WNP in a real WDS. Results show that it plays an effective role in the optimization of layout of the flow meters and valves in WNP.

scholarly journals Optimal Sensor Placement in a Partitioned Water Distribution Network for the Water Protection from Contamination

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Ciaponi ◽  
Enrico Creaco ◽  
Armando Di Nardo ◽  
Michele Di Natale ◽  
Carlo Giudicianni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sensor Placement ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Optimal Sensor Placement ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Network Partitioning

Water network protection from accidental and intentional contamination is one of the most critical issues for preserving the citizen health. Recently, some techniques have been proposed in the literature to define the optimal sensor placement. On the other hand, through the definition of permanent DMAs (District Meter Areas), water network partitioning allows significant reduction in the number of exposed users through the full isolation of DMA. In this paper, the optimal sensor placement is coupled with water network partitioning in order to define the best location of isolation valves and control stations, to be closed and installed respectively. The proposed procedure is based on different procedures, and it was tested on a real water network, showing that it is possible both to mitigate the impact of a water contamination and simplify the sensor placement through the water network partitioning.

scholarly journals Community water fluoridation perceptions and practice in the United States: challenges in governance and implementation

Water Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Walker ◽  
Lori Dickes ◽  
Elizabeth Crouch
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Water Fluoridation ◽  
Sample Mean ◽  
Community Water ◽  
Large Water ◽  
Community Water Fluoridation

Abstract The primary objective of this research is to reveal potential challenges in achieving the finalized water fluoridation recommendation made by the Federal Water Fluoridation Panel in the United States (U.S.) with data extracted from consumer confidence reports. A secondary objective is to understand community water system manager's perceptions of and ability to meet this new standard using a survey instrument. Mean fluoridation levels are above the recommended level. The confidence interval does not capture the nationally recommended 0.7 mg/L. The t-test revealed two statistically significant results: that the sample mean is not equal to 0.7 mg/L and that the sample mean is higher than 0.7 mg/L. Respondents felt engaged in the policy process, but preferred state over federal policymaking. There is evidence that the optimal fluoridation level may not have been reached by water systems and that some water systems are under-fluoridating, while others are over-fluoridating. Several large water systems and pockets across the U.S. are not practicing artificial water fluoridation which reduces the effectiveness of this policy. Regular engagement by states with water system managers and feedback from water management professionals could be encouraged to better understand local constraints in meeting the federal recommendation.

An Automated Tool for Smart Water Network Partitioning

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (13) ◽  
pp. 4493-4508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Di Nardo ◽  
Michele Di Natale ◽  
Giovanni Francesco Santonastaso ◽  
Salvatore Venticinque
Keyword(s):  
Network Partitioning ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Smart Water ◽  
Automated Tool ◽  
Water Network Partitioning

Sewers and the Quality of Canals and Ditches in Amsterdam

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jacobs ◽  
J. W. van Sluis
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Water And Sediment Quality

The surface water system of Amsterdam is very complicated. Of two characteristic types of water systems the influences on water and sediment quality are investigated. The importance of the sewer output to the total loads is different for both water systems. In a polder the load from the sewers is much more important than in the canal basin. Measures to reduce the emission from the sewers are much more effective in a polder. The effect of these measures on sediment quality is more than the effect on water quality. Some differences between a combined sewer system and a separate sewer system can be found in sediment quality.

Design of rural water systems using dynamic models

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-231
Author(s):  
A. H. Lobbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Water System ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Design Methods ◽  
Water Quality Criteria ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
Rural Water Systems ◽  
The Way

The properties of main water ways and infrastructure of rural water systems are often determined by very general design methods. These methods are based on standards that use only little information of the actual water system. Most design methods applied in the Netherlands are based on land use and soil texture. Standards have been developed on the basis of generalized properties of water systems. Details of the actual layout of the water system and the way in which that system is controlled, are usually not incorporated. Present-day dynamic simulation programs and the computer power currently available enable more detailed modeling and incorporation of location-specific data into models. Such models can be used to design the water system and can include real data. A model-based design method is introduced, in which the actual situation of the water system is taken into consideration as well as the way in which the water system is controlled. Stochastics concerning the operation and availability of controlling infrastructure are included in the method. Models can be evaluated by including real data. In this way the actual safety of the water system, for example during floods, can be determined. Water-quantity design criteria can be incorporated as well as water-quality criteria. Application of the method makes it possible to design safe water systems in which excess capacities are avoided and in which all requirements of interest are met. The method, called the ‘dynamic design procedure’, can result in considerable savings for water authorities when new systems have to be designed or existing designs have to be reconsidered.

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