scholarly journals New pestiviruses of animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (01) ◽  
pp. 6176-2019
Author(s):  
PAWEŁ MIROSŁAW ◽  
MIROSŁAW POLAK
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Viruses of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, are believed to be among the main factors causing economic losses in cattle and pig breeding. Their genomes, consisting of single-stranded RNA with positive polarity and a length of approximately 12.3 kb, have one open reading frame that encodes from 11 to 12 proteins. The virion is surrounded by a lipid membrane. According to the official classification, the genus Pestivirus includes four species: bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 (BVDV-2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and border disease virus (BDV). To date, several genetically related viruses have been identified, but not yet included in the official classification. They include: giraffe pestivirus isolated from an animal with symptoms of mucosal disease and from cell cultures originating from Kenya, Pronghorn virus from an antelope, HoBi-like viruses detected for the first time in fetal bovine serum and Bungowannah virus causing losses in the Australian domestic pig population. It is suspected that new strains detected in Turkish goat and sheep herds and in Tunisian sheep pox vaccines also belong to pestiviruses. Next-generation sequencing has made it possible to identify another atypical pestivirus of pigs, as well as to discover strains infecting other animals beyond the order of Artiodactyla, such as rats or bats. New emerging strains may pose a threat to the livestock industry.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Goats in Southwestern China

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Deng ◽  
Silu Wang ◽  
Runxia Liu ◽  
Guiying Hao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and other ruminants, as well as some wild animals. BVDV causes considerable economic losses every year and many countries have developed programs aimed at the eradication of this disease. The genetic diversity of BVDV in diseased goats has never been described in southwestern China. Thus, in this study, we applied antigen-capture ELISA and RT-PCR to survey the infection rate of BVDV in diseased goats in this region. Our results demonstrated that the average BVDV infection rate in goats was 17.51%, with all positive samples indicating infection by BVDV-1 and not BVDV-2, BVDV-3, or Border disease virus. The molecular characteristics of the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of BVDV-1 were recognized as belonging predominantly to the BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, 1m, and 1p subtypes. BVDV-1b and 1m were the most abundant subtypes identified in this region, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. This is the first study that describes the genetic characterization of BVDV in sick goats from southwestern China and is important for future studies and control programs.

scholarly journals Investigation of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) infections of sheep in Southwestern Serbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 319-337
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kurcubic ◽  
Tamas Petrovic ◽  
Radojica Djokovic ◽  
Zoran Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Experimental Group

Serological assay (virus neutralization test - VNT) was employed to examine blood sera collected from sheep of different age categories reared under different housing systems for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) infections in sheep. The objective of the investigation in sheep as reservoir hosts of the viruses was to clarify the potential for their transmission to cattle herds and vice versa. Experimental Group A included 5 mini farms composed entirely of sheep that were not in cohabitation with cattle in the same buildings or on the same pasture. Experimental Group B was made up of five mini sheep farms, whose owners raised cattle as well. A total of 10 blood samples (5 from junior categories of sheep aged up to 12 months and 5 from the older sheep) were secured from each of the 10 mini farms selected for the study. The VNT method did not detect the presence of specific anti-BVDV antibodies to both BVDV genotypes (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2) in any of the 100 test blood serum samples of sheep. Specific anti-BDV antibodies to the BDV Moredun strain were not found in any of the test serum samples of 100 sheep.

scholarly journals First descriptive study of an outbreak of Border disease in a sheep flock in Austria – a high risk factor for Bovine viral diarrhea virus free cattle herds: a case report

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 625-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Krametter-Froetscher ◽  
C. Schmitz ◽  
V. Benetka ◽  
Z. Bago ◽  
K. Moestl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Sheep Flock ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Described is the first outbreak of Border disease in a sheep flock in Austria and its impact on the cattle housed on the same farm. Border disease virus infected sheep are a high risk for pestivirus introduction in susceptible cattle herds and should therefore induce a complete revision of the Austrian Bovine viral diarrhea virus program.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in heterologous species

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Passler ◽  
Paul H. Walz
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
The Impact

AbstractInfections with Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are not limited to cattle, but may be detected in various species in the mammalian order Artiodactyla. Despite epidemiological evidence of BVDV infections in species other than cattle, current knowledge regarding the impact of BVDV on heterologous species is incomplete. In heterologous hosts, BVDV infections with clinical signs analogous to those in cattle have been described and include disease of multiple organ systems, most notably the reproductive tract and immune system. Clinical infections may negatively impact the health and well-being of heterologous species, including camelids and captive and free-ranging wildlife. Of additional importance are BVDV infections in small ruminants and swine where difficulties arise in laboratory testing for Border disease virus (BDV) and Classical swine fever virus (CSFV), respectively. Pestiviruses are antigenically closely related and their cross-reactivity requires additional efforts in virological testing. In cattle populations, persistently infected animals are considered the main source of BVDV transmission. This phenomenon has also been detected in heterologous species, which could facilitate reservoirs for BVDV that may be of great importance where control programs are in progress. This review summarizes the current epidemiological and clinical knowledge on heterologous BVDV infections and discusses their implications.

scholarly journals Pestivirus spillover effect: molecular detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in domestic and feral pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 479-483
Author(s):  
Dragoș Constantin Aniță ◽  
Emilia Popa ◽  
Adriana Aniță ◽  
Luanda Elena Oșlobanu ◽  
Gheorghe Savuța
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Feral Pigs ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT: Pestivirus infections are important in the livestock industries, with infection occurring in cattle, sheep and pigs. The Pestivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae, includes four recognized species: bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2), border disease virus (BDV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). All pestivirus species can infect pigs, therefore accurate and specific pestivirus detection and differentiation is of great importance to assure control measures in swine populations. The aim of the study was the molecular detection of different pestiviruses in domestic and feral pigs. A total of 527 samples (92 pigs and 435 wild boars) were tested for pestiviruses detection using molecular assays. Eleven positive samples (6 wild boars and 5 domestic pigs) were identified using panpestivirus primers targeting the 5’- UTR region of the pestivirus RNA genome. Further all the positive samples were sequentially tested for detection of CSFV, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 using specific primers. All RNAs were identified as positives for BVDV-1 and no amplification signals were obtained from BVDV-2 and CSFV. The current detection of BVDV-1 in clinical swine specimens highlights the important risk factor of swine population as reservoir and consequently carrier for BVDV.

scholarly journals Protection of Piglets with Maternally Derived Antibodies from Sows Inoculated with an Attenuated Live Marker Classical Swine Fever Vaccine (Flc-LOM-BErns)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
SeEun Choe ◽  
Jihye Shin ◽  
Ki-Sun Kim ◽  
Sok Song ◽  
Ra Mi Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Here, we investigated the protective efficacy provided by passive immunity induced by a classical swine fever (Flc-LOM-BErns) vaccine with the newly developed DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) function. Ten pigs (aged 40–60 days) with maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) obtained from sows inoculated with the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine were challenged with virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Pigs with an MDA titer of 6 log2 induced by the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine were fully protected against virulent CSFV challenge but not the pigs with an MDA titer under 5 log2. In addition, Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine-derived MDAs successfully differentiated vaccinated pigs by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) Erns/CSFV Erns antibody detection, functioning as a DIVA.

152 TRANSMISSION OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS BY IN VITRO-FERTILIZED EMBRYOS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bielanski ◽  
J. Algire ◽  
A. Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection affects cattle throughout the world. It causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. The potential for transmission of a cytopathic biotype of BVDV by in vivo-derived embryos has been thought to be negligible. However, there is no study to prove non-transmission of the most common field isolate of noncytopathic biotype (NCPB) of BVDV by IVF embryos. Here we report on the preliminary outcome of embryo transfer (ET) of IVF embryos exposed in vitro to type-1 (NY-1) and type-2 (P-131) genotypes of NCPB of BVDV. For this experiment, IVF embryos were generated using standard methods which briefly involve: maturation of cumulus–oocyte complexes in TCM medium, fertilization of oocytes with BVDV-free semen, and culture of zygotes to the blastocyst stage in SOF medium without somatic cells. Day 7 blastocysts were exposed for 1 h to NY-1 or P-131 (103–107 TCID50 mL–1) BVDV strains before being washed (without trypsin) as recommended by IETS. Two embryos were transferred on each occasion. Embryo recipients were virus-free and anti-BVDV antibody-free prior to ET. The recipients remained individually in isolation premises after ET. In total, 126 ET procedures were performed resulting in 57 pregnancies and 34 calves born free of the infectious virus and BVDV antibodies (5 pregnancies are still pending). In total, 23 pregnancies were lost after 30 days. Exposure of embryos to type-2 BVDV resulted in a loss of 46% (17/37) of pregnancies after 30 days post-ET and 20 recipients seroconverted to BVDV. Within seroconverted and pregnant animals (n = 14), only 2 recipients maintained pregnancy and delivered uninfected calves at term. In contrast, exposure of embryos to type-1 caused 30% (6/20) of the pregnancy losses after 30 days and did not cause any seroconversion in ET recipients. After washing, 33% (3/9) and 38% (17/44) single embryos from the infected pool of IVF embryos tested positive for the BVDV. In conclusion, under these experimental conditions, a proportion of recipients was apparently infected after receipt of BVDV-exposed embryos. However, all of the calves that survived to term were BVDV-free and anti-BVDV antibody free.

scholarly journals Characterization and purification of recombinant bovine viral diarrhea virus particles with epitope-tagged envelope proteins

2011 ◽  
Vol 92 (6) ◽  
pp. 1352-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Wegelt ◽  
Ilona Reimann ◽  
Harald Granzow ◽  
Martin Beer
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Virus Assembly ◽  
Envelope Proteins ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Affinity Tag ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. The lipid membrane of the virions is supposed to contain the three glycosylated envelope proteins Erns, E1 and E2, but detailed studies of virus assembly are complicated because no efficient purification method for pestiviruses has been described so far. In this study, we generated infectious BVDV with N-terminally FLAG-tagged Erns or E2 proteins, respectively. The expression of the epitope-tagged Erns and E2 proteins could be shown by immunofluorescence and Western blot experiments. Furthermore, an affinity tag purification protocol for the isolation and concentration of infectious BVDV was established. In the preparation with a titre of 108.75 TCID50 ml−1, spherical particles with a diameter of 43–58 nm (mean diameter: 48 nm) could be detected by negative staining electron microscopy, and immunogold labelling located both Erns and E2 proteins at the virus membrane.

scholarly journals “Self” and “Nonself” Manipulation of Interferon Defense during Persistent Infection: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Resists Alpha/Beta Interferon without Blocking Antiviral Activity against Unrelated Viruses Replicating in Its Host Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 6926-6935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schweizer ◽  
Philippe Mätzener ◽  
Gabriela Pfaffen ◽  
Hanspeter Stalder ◽  
Ernst Peterhans
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Beta Interferon ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), together with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Border disease virus (BDV) of sheep, belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae. BVDV is either cytopathic (cp) or noncytopathic (ncp), as defined by its effect on cultured cells. Infection of pregnant animals with the ncp biotype may lead to the birth of persistently infected calves that are immunotolerant to the infecting viral strain. In addition to evading the adaptive immune system, BVDV evades key mechanisms of innate immunity. Previously, we showed that ncp BVDV inhibits the induction of apoptosis and alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) synthesis by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Here, we report that (i) both ncp and cp BVDV block the induction by dsRNA of the Mx protein (which can also be induced in the absence of IFN signaling); (ii) neither biotype blocks the activity of IFN; and (iii) once infection is established, BVDV is largely resistant to the activity of IFN-α/β but (iv) does not interfere with the establishment of an antiviral state induced by IFN-α/β against unrelated viruses. The results of our study suggest that, in persistent infection, BVDV is able to evade a central element of innate immunity directed against itself without generally compromising its activity against unrelated viruses (“nonself”) that may replicate in cells infected with ncp BVDV. This highly selective “self” and “nonself” model of evasion of the interferon defense system may be a key element in the success of persistent infection in addition to immunotolerance initiated by the early time point of fetal infection.

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