scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection in Goats in Southwestern China

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Deng ◽  
Silu Wang ◽  
Runxia Liu ◽  
Guiying Hao
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Infection Rate ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cows, pigs, sheep, goats, and other ruminants, as well as some wild animals. BVDV causes considerable economic losses every year and many countries have developed programs aimed at the eradication of this disease. The genetic diversity of BVDV in diseased goats has never been described in southwestern China. Thus, in this study, we applied antigen-capture ELISA and RT-PCR to survey the infection rate of BVDV in diseased goats in this region. Our results demonstrated that the average BVDV infection rate in goats was 17.51%, with all positive samples indicating infection by BVDV-1 and not BVDV-2, BVDV-3, or Border disease virus. The molecular characteristics of the 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTR) of BVDV-1 were recognized as belonging predominantly to the BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, 1m, and 1p subtypes. BVDV-1b and 1m were the most abundant subtypes identified in this region, similar to the BVDV epidemics in cattle in other regions of China. This is the first study that describes the genetic characterization of BVDV in sick goats from southwestern China and is important for future studies and control programs.

scholarly journals Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Cattle From Mexico: Current Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninnet Gomez-Romero ◽  
Julia F. Ridpath ◽  
Francisco Javier Basurto-Alcantara ◽  
Antonio Verdugo-Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) is an infectious disease, globally-distributed, caused by bovine Pestiviruses, endemic of cattle and other ruminant populations. BVD leads to significant economic losses to the cattle industry due to the wide range of clinical manifestations, including respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases and reproductive disorders. Within the Pestivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae three viral species are associated with BVD; Pestivirus A (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, BVDV-1), Pestivirus B (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2, BVDV-2), and Pestivirus H (HoBi-like pestivirus, atypical ruminant pestivirus). These species are subdivided into subgenotypes based on phylogenetic analysis. The extensive genetic diversity of BVDV has been reported for several countries, where the incidence and genetic variation are more developed in Europe than in the Americas. The first report of BVDV in Mexico was in 1975; this study revealed seropositivity of 75% in cows with a clinical history of infertility, abortions, and respiratory disease. Other studies have demonstrated the presence of antibodies against BVDV with a seroprevalence ranging from 7.4 to 100%. Recently, endemic BVDV strains affecting cattle populations started to be analyzed, providing evidence of the BVDV diversity in several states of the country, revealing that at least four subgenotypes (BVDV-1a, 1b, 1c, and 2a) are circulating in animal populations in Mexico. Little information regarding BVD epidemiological current status in Mexico is available. This review summarizes available information regarding the prevalence and genetic diversity viruses associated with BVD in cattle from Mexico.

scholarly journals New pestiviruses of animals

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (01) ◽  
pp. 6176-2019
Author(s):  
PAWEŁ MIROSŁAW ◽  
MIROSŁAW POLAK
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Lipid Membrane ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Viruses of the genus Pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, are believed to be among the main factors causing economic losses in cattle and pig breeding. Their genomes, consisting of single-stranded RNA with positive polarity and a length of approximately 12.3 kb, have one open reading frame that encodes from 11 to 12 proteins. The virion is surrounded by a lipid membrane. According to the official classification, the genus Pestivirus includes four species: bovine viral diarrhea virus-1 (BVDV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus-2 (BVDV-2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and border disease virus (BDV). To date, several genetically related viruses have been identified, but not yet included in the official classification. They include: giraffe pestivirus isolated from an animal with symptoms of mucosal disease and from cell cultures originating from Kenya, Pronghorn virus from an antelope, HoBi-like viruses detected for the first time in fetal bovine serum and Bungowannah virus causing losses in the Australian domestic pig population. It is suspected that new strains detected in Turkish goat and sheep herds and in Tunisian sheep pox vaccines also belong to pestiviruses. Next-generation sequencing has made it possible to identify another atypical pestivirus of pigs, as well as to discover strains infecting other animals beyond the order of Artiodactyla, such as rats or bats. New emerging strains may pose a threat to the livestock industry.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle from Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 362-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ninnet Gómez-Romero ◽  
Francisco J. Basurto-Alcántara ◽  
Antonio Verdugo-Rodríguez ◽  
Fernando V. Bauermann ◽  
Julia F. Ridpath
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects cattle populations worldwide, causing significant economic losses though its impact on animal health. Previous studies have reported the prevalence of BVDV species and subgenotypes in cattle from the United States and Canada. We investigated the genetic diversity of BVDV strains detected in bovine serum samples from 6 different Mexican regions. Sixty-two BVDV isolates from Mexico were genetically typed based on comparison of sequences from the 5′ untranslated region (5′-UTR) of the viral genome. Phylogenetic reconstruction indicated that 60 of the samples belonged to the BVDV-1 genotype and 2 to the BVDV-2 genotype. Comparison of partial 5′-UTR sequences clustered 49 samples within BVDV-1c, 8 samples within BVDV-1a, 3 samples within BVDV-1b, and 2 samples clustered with the BVDV-2a subgenotypes. Our study, combined with information previously published on BVDV field strain diversity in the United States and Canada, benefits the development of effective detection assays, vaccines, and control programs for North America.

scholarly journals Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genetic diversity in Spain: A review

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. e05R01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco J. Diéguez ◽  
Manuel Cerviño ◽  
Eduardo Yus
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Vaccination Recommendations ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a member of the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae, causes significant losses in cattle farming worldwide because of reduced milk production, increased mortality of young animals and reproductive, respiratory and intestinal problems. The virus is characterized by an important genetic, and consequently antigenic and pathogenic diversity. Knowing the variability of viral strains present in a population provides valuable information, particularly relevant for control programs development, vaccination recommendations and even identification of likely infection sources. Such information is therefore important at both local and regional levels. This review focuses on the genetic diversity of BVDV isolates infecting cattle in Spain over the last years. According to the published data, the most prevalent BVDV group in Spain was 1b, and to a lesser extent 1d, 1e and 1f. Besides, BVDV-2 has also been found in Spain with several ratified isolates. The studies carried out in Spain also showed increased genetic heterogeneity of BVDV strains, possibly due to a more intensive use of analytical tools available, presenting studies with increasingly greater sample sizes.

152 TRANSMISSION OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS BY IN VITRO-FERTILIZED EMBRYOS UNDER EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 156 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bielanski ◽  
J. Algire ◽  
A. Lalonde
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection affects cattle throughout the world. It causes significant economic losses in the cattle industry. The potential for transmission of a cytopathic biotype of BVDV by in vivo-derived embryos has been thought to be negligible. However, there is no study to prove non-transmission of the most common field isolate of noncytopathic biotype (NCPB) of BVDV by IVF embryos. Here we report on the preliminary outcome of embryo transfer (ET) of IVF embryos exposed in vitro to type-1 (NY-1) and type-2 (P-131) genotypes of NCPB of BVDV. For this experiment, IVF embryos were generated using standard methods which briefly involve: maturation of cumulus–oocyte complexes in TCM medium, fertilization of oocytes with BVDV-free semen, and culture of zygotes to the blastocyst stage in SOF medium without somatic cells. Day 7 blastocysts were exposed for 1 h to NY-1 or P-131 (103–107 TCID50 mL–1) BVDV strains before being washed (without trypsin) as recommended by IETS. Two embryos were transferred on each occasion. Embryo recipients were virus-free and anti-BVDV antibody-free prior to ET. The recipients remained individually in isolation premises after ET. In total, 126 ET procedures were performed resulting in 57 pregnancies and 34 calves born free of the infectious virus and BVDV antibodies (5 pregnancies are still pending). In total, 23 pregnancies were lost after 30 days. Exposure of embryos to type-2 BVDV resulted in a loss of 46% (17/37) of pregnancies after 30 days post-ET and 20 recipients seroconverted to BVDV. Within seroconverted and pregnant animals (n = 14), only 2 recipients maintained pregnancy and delivered uninfected calves at term. In contrast, exposure of embryos to type-1 caused 30% (6/20) of the pregnancy losses after 30 days and did not cause any seroconversion in ET recipients. After washing, 33% (3/9) and 38% (17/44) single embryos from the infected pool of IVF embryos tested positive for the BVDV. In conclusion, under these experimental conditions, a proportion of recipients was apparently infected after receipt of BVDV-exposed embryos. However, all of the calves that survived to term were BVDV-free and anti-BVDV antibody free.

scholarly journals “Self” and “Nonself” Manipulation of Interferon Defense during Persistent Infection: Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Resists Alpha/Beta Interferon without Blocking Antiviral Activity against Unrelated Viruses Replicating in Its Host Cells

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (14) ◽  
pp. 6926-6935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Schweizer ◽  
Philippe Mätzener ◽  
Gabriela Pfaffen ◽  
Hanspeter Stalder ◽  
Ernst Peterhans
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Beta Interferon ◽  
Alpha Beta ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

ABSTRACT Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), together with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and Border disease virus (BDV) of sheep, belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the Flaviviridae. BVDV is either cytopathic (cp) or noncytopathic (ncp), as defined by its effect on cultured cells. Infection of pregnant animals with the ncp biotype may lead to the birth of persistently infected calves that are immunotolerant to the infecting viral strain. In addition to evading the adaptive immune system, BVDV evades key mechanisms of innate immunity. Previously, we showed that ncp BVDV inhibits the induction of apoptosis and alpha/beta interferon (IFN-α/β) synthesis by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Here, we report that (i) both ncp and cp BVDV block the induction by dsRNA of the Mx protein (which can also be induced in the absence of IFN signaling); (ii) neither biotype blocks the activity of IFN; and (iii) once infection is established, BVDV is largely resistant to the activity of IFN-α/β but (iv) does not interfere with the establishment of an antiviral state induced by IFN-α/β against unrelated viruses. The results of our study suggest that, in persistent infection, BVDV is able to evade a central element of innate immunity directed against itself without generally compromising its activity against unrelated viruses (“nonself”) that may replicate in cells infected with ncp BVDV. This highly selective “self” and “nonself” model of evasion of the interferon defense system may be a key element in the success of persistent infection in addition to immunotolerance initiated by the early time point of fetal infection.

scholarly journals An Importance of Long-Term Clinical Analysis to Accurately Diagnose Calves Persistently and Acutely Infected by Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus 2

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Yusuke Goto ◽  
Gakuji Yaegashi ◽  
Kazuhiro Fukunari ◽  
Tohru Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection results in a wide variety of clinical manifestations and is a pathogen that is able to cause huge economic losses in the cattle industry worldwide. It is important to identify cattle that are persistently infected (PI) by BVDV within the herd as early as possible because PI animals are the main reservoir of the virus. In contrast, cattle who are acutely infected (AI) with BVDV show various clinical signs, but most cattle show either mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. In general, AI and PI animals can be distinguished by repeat testing within an interval of at least 21 days. However, we found a rare case of a BVDV2-infected AI animal with long-term viral presence, making it indistinguishable from PI through two tests within an interval of 21 days. As a result, we diagnosed one infected animal as AI after 35 days from the initial sample collection via multiple analyses. Our findings recommend performing an additional test using samples that have been collected after 14–21 days from the second sample collection in cases where it is difficult to accurately differentiate an AI diagnosis from a PI diagnosis after only two tests. Additionally, our analysis exhibits that monitoring the number of copies of viruses with similar genomes in the sera by means of quantitative real-time RT-PCR through several sample collections periods might be useful to distinguish AI from PI. Furthermore, our data suggest that the AI animals with a long-term viral presence who show test results similar to those of PI animals might be the result of a coincidental combination of various factors that are present in cattle fields. These findings provide useful information that can be used to improve the diagnosis of BVDV in the field.

scholarly journals Investigation of Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) infections of sheep in Southwestern Serbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 319-337
Author(s):  
Vladimir Kurcubic ◽  
Tamas Petrovic ◽  
Radojica Djokovic ◽  
Zoran Ilic
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease Virus ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Border Disease ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Experimental Group

Serological assay (virus neutralization test - VNT) was employed to examine blood sera collected from sheep of different age categories reared under different housing systems for the presence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus (BDV) infections in sheep. The objective of the investigation in sheep as reservoir hosts of the viruses was to clarify the potential for their transmission to cattle herds and vice versa. Experimental Group A included 5 mini farms composed entirely of sheep that were not in cohabitation with cattle in the same buildings or on the same pasture. Experimental Group B was made up of five mini sheep farms, whose owners raised cattle as well. A total of 10 blood samples (5 from junior categories of sheep aged up to 12 months and 5 from the older sheep) were secured from each of the 10 mini farms selected for the study. The VNT method did not detect the presence of specific anti-BVDV antibodies to both BVDV genotypes (BVDV-1 and BVDV-2) in any of the 100 test blood serum samples of sheep. Specific anti-BDV antibodies to the BDV Moredun strain were not found in any of the test serum samples of 100 sheep.

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