scholarly journals Influence of raw or extruded soybean seeds in broiler chicken mixtures on rearing parameters, slaughter value and liver histological image

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (12) ◽  
pp. 764-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Milczarek ◽  
Maria Osek ◽  
Małgorzata Kwiecień ◽  
Magdalena Pachnik
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Soybean Seeds ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Histological Image ◽  
Group I

The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of feeding broiler chickens with mixtures containing raw or extruded soybean seeds on the performance indices, slaughter value and liver histology of the animals. The research began with an analysis of the chemical composition of selected high protein feeds. A nutritional experiment was then performed on 108 sexed Ross 308 chickens, which were allocated to 3 equal groups (I, II, III). The chickens were reared for 42 days with ad libitum feeding. The birds from the control group (I) received mixtures in which the only high protein component was soybean meal extracted. Extruded soybeans and raw soybeans were fed to chickens in experimental groups II and III, respectively, in quantities that replaced 30% of soybean meal extract protein in the Starter mixture and 50% of this protein in the Grower and Finisher mixtures. During the experiment, the body weight of the birds (BW) and their feed intake (FI) were recorded. At the end of rearing, 12 chicks of body weights representative of their group and sex were slaughtered in each group. The results of the slaughter analysis were used to calculate the percentage of muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat in the carcass. The weights of selected internal organs were also determined, and then their proportion in the chilled carcass weight was determined. In addition, after slaughter, chicken livers were collected to assess the histological image. Raw soybean meal extrusion resulted in an increase in protein content and a decrease in crude fibre by about 10%. Quantities of individual amino acids in the analysed material were proportional to the protein content. The extrusion of full-fat soybean seeds reduced the content of trypsin inhibitors by more than a half (to 9 mg/g), but the least of these compounds (1.2 mg/g) was found in soybean meal extract. The tannin content of extruded soybeans was about one-third of that of extracted meal and less than one-fourth of that of raw soybean. It was shown that the chickens receiving extruded soybeans reached a weight similar to that of the control group, with similar FCRs for individual rearing periods, whereas the use of raw soybean significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased both parameters. In addition, group III had a significantly lower dressing percentage (P ≤ 0.05) and a higher proportion of abdominal fat (P ≤ 0.01) compared to the other groups. The introduction of extruded or raw soybeans into the mixtures increased (P ≤ 0.05) the proportion of total internal organs. The microscopic image revealed that all chickens had a similar, normal histological structure. The results of this study show a beneficial effect of raw soybean extrusion on the nutritional value of soybeans. Extruded soybeans can therefore be recommended as a partial substitute for protein (30% in Starter and 50% in Grower and Finisher) from soybean meal extract in chicken broiler mixtures. Raw soybeans should not be used in the above amounts, mainly because of the clearly worse rearing results....

The effectiveness of use of enterosorbent Shelltic Es when rearing of young pigs

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
S. Grikshas ◽  
N. Kulmakova ◽  
K. Spitsyna ◽  
A. Dar’in ◽  
T. Mittelshtein
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Feed Digestibility ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Carcinogenic Effects ◽  
Experimental Group

Mycotoxins have been formed in feed are secondary metabolites of fungi and are quite stable substances that have teratogenic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. An effective way to combat mycotoxins in feed is the use of feed additives that adsorb toxins, prevent their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of the animal and are excreted from the body. The infl uence of coconut enterosorbent Shelltic Es on fattening and meat qualities of young pigs has been studied. It has been found in the process of fattening that the highest feed digestibility was in pigs of the experimental group, in the diet of which enterosorbent has been added. The results of studies of the chemical composition and technological properties of pork have been provided. The positive eff ect of enterosorbent on precocity, absolute average daily gain of live weight and reduction of feed expenditures per 1 kg of gain has been revealed. In pigs from the experimental group the average thickness of the fat was higher and the area of the “muscle eye” was lower compared with animals of the control group, which indicates that higher rates of carcass yield have been obtained due to faster accumulation of fat tissue. The weight of internal organs of pigs indicates the intensity of metabolic processes in the body. In experimental animals the weight of the lungs was 0,1 kg lower, and the liver and heart were higher by 0,13 and 0,01 kg, respectively. Enterosorbent had no effect on the content of vitamins in the liver of pigs of the compared groups. The content of impurities of organochlorine toxicants and toxic elements in the meat and liver of animals of the experimental group was lower than that of control analogues. Therefore, the use of enterosorbent Shelltic Es promotes more active excretion of them from the body.

scholarly journals Експериментальне зараження поросят вірусом епідемічної діареї свиней

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (77) ◽  
pp. 208-213
Author(s):  
D. Masiuk ◽  
A. Sosnitskiy ◽  
A. Kokarev ◽  
S. Koliada
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Real Time System ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
And Control ◽  
Experimental Group

There were infected neonatal piglets in the first days of their lives PED virus suspension derived from pigs previously PED patients. Diagnosis for PED in piglets donor virus PED was inserted complex method for clinical and epizootic performance and confirmed the identification PEDV by PCR-RT using the test system «EZ-RED/TGE/PDCoV MPX 1.0 Real time RT-PCR» company Tetracore (USA) Thermocyclers CFX 96 Real-Time System company BIO RAD (USA). Homogenate small intestine of pigs PEDV donor, prepared in a blender for PCR in a thick band of 18 animal carcasses, frozen at -18 °C without cryopreservation and kept 359 days. Before infecting pigs and strip defrost by RT-PCR identified the concentration of the virus genome equivalents (GE) without establishing viable virions quantitative pathogen. For Sample 20 selected analog neonatal piglets, divided them into 3 experimental groups (group 1 – 5 piglets, group 2 – 5 piglets and group 3 – 7 piglets) and one control (3 piglets). Research pigs infected per os virus-containing suspension with a concentration PEDV 1.03×106 GE/cm3. The dose for infection first group was 6 cm3 (6.18×106 GE/cm3), for the second – 5 cm3 (5,15 × 106 GE/cm3), for the third – 4 cm3 (4.12 GE×106/cm3) homogenate. The fourth group – control (not infected). All the pigs were in identical conditions that fully meet the physiological needs of the body. Of the 17 infected pigs only 2 was infected PEDV. PED was confirmed by laboratory methods. In bacteriological examination of internal organs of pigs that came out of a research experiment and control group were diagnosed colibacteriosis. In the control group was isolated from heart and intestinal non-pathogenic for white mice E. coli. From pigs 1 and 2 research groups has been allocated to white mice nonpathogenic E. coli, is set colibacteriosis; 2 experimental group found in one pig hemolytic E. coli; 3 experimental group from the internal organs of pigs in conjunction with non-pathogenic for mice intestinal former cane isolated Klesiella spp., is diagnosed with mixed infection (E. coli, Klesiella spp.). From the intestine of experimental and control pigs do not identified beneficial microflora – aerococcus, lactobacteria, bifidobacteria and cultured putrefactive anaerobic spore facultative and non spore microflora.

scholarly journals The Influence of Highly Dispersed Metal Forms on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Polygastric Animals

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makaeva Ayna Maratovna ◽  
Sizova Elena Anatolevna ◽  
Atlanderova Ksenya Nikolaevna
Keyword(s):  
Feed Additives ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Group I ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Experimental Group

Determining which forms of mineral feed additives can increase farm animal productivity is a key area of research. This study assessed the mineral composition of ruminal fluid and the effectiveness of calcium and phosphorus used by animals after the introduction of finely dispersed particles (FDP) of SiO2 (group I) and FeCo (group II) with a hydrodynamic radius of 109.6 ± 16.6 and 265 ± 25 nm, respectively. The deposition and use of calcium and phosphorus in the body of the experimental animals exceeded the control values. In group I, 30.8% more calcium was deposited (p ≥ 0.05), and in group II, the value was 30.3% (p ≥ 0.01). In the experimental groups, the calcium utilization rate was 27.3% higher in group I (p ≥ 0.05), and 28.2% higher in group II (p ≥ 0.01) compared to in the control. Phosphorus deposition was 34% higher (p ≤ 0.01) in experimental group I and 6% higher in experimental group II, compared with the control. Group I had a high utilization rate of phosphorus from the feed (with a 29% difference compared to the control). Comparison of the experimental groups revealed that the introduction of SiO2 FDP promoted an increase in the concentration of silicon, phosphorus, and calcium in the ruminal fluid. The introduction of FeCo FDP was accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of iron and cobalt in the ruminal fluid. Thus, the use of feed additive in finely dispersed form in the diet of animals was accompanied by an increase in the use of calcium and phosphorus by the animal’s body, which is advisable when intensifying milk and meat productivity. The obtained results require further research. Keywords: finely dispersed forms of microelements, ruminants, calcium and phosphorus exchange, feeding

scholarly journals CHANGES OF PSYCHO-EMOTIONAL STATE IN THE INFERTILE PREGNANT FEMALES DUE TO THE ANAMNESIS AND IVF

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-567
Author(s):  
Volodymyr K. Likhachov ◽  
Yanina V. Shymanska ◽  
Yulia S. Savelieva ◽  
Viktoriya L. Vashchenko ◽  
Ludmyla М. Dobrovolska
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Art Therapy ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Healthy Woman ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Psychological Component ◽  
Group I ◽  
High Level

Introduction: During pregnancy in the body of a healthy woman there are physiological and psychological changes that contribute to the bearing a child and prepare the female for future labour and motherhood. In women who experience failure at the stage of fertilization or during pregnancy, as a result of prolonged negative emotional states, psycho-emotional stress develops. The aim of the research was to study the psycho-emotional state of women with infertility in history, whose pregnancy resulted from extracorporal fertilization (IVF), and to develop methods for reducing their anxiety. Materials and methods: At the first stage, the initial psycho-emotional state of 60 women in the second trimester, whose pregnancy resulted from IVF (Group I), was studied; the control group consisted of 20 healthy women with a physiological course of pregnancy (Group II). At the second stage, 10 art therapy exercises with a requestioning of pregnant women from Group I were conducted for improving their psycho-emotional state. Results: Women of Group I had a high level of both situational anxiety (SA) and the personal one (PA). The prevalent type of the psychological component of gestational dominant was anxiety and euphoric types (58.3%). In one third of women with burdened gynecological history examined mild or masked depression was diagnosed. 43 pregnant women from Group I used a method of psychocorrection – art therapy, which included colouring “antistress” pictures of perinatal topic, making flowers from paper and creating a collage of dreams. Conclusions: After the art therapy course, a high level of SA (from 46.5% to 7.0%) and OA (from 48.8% to 32.6%) decreased, the index of the optimal type of the psychological component of gestational dominant increased from 25.6% to 53.5%. The number of women without depression increased from 62.8% to 93%.

scholarly journals BODY IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIVITY IN OPIOMANIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-784
Author(s):  
K. K. Kulmukanova ◽  
A. U. Baiduissenova ◽  
E. A. Akhmediyarova ◽  
A. A. Yktiyarov ◽  
G. A. Bekniyazova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Number ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Immunological Reactivity ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Group I ◽  
Opioid Drugs ◽  
Therapeutic Measures ◽  
Opium Addiction

Due to the general trend of changes in reactivity in many exogenous and endogenous diseases, more and more attention is currently being paid to changes in immunological reactivity in drug addiction. The expediency of assessing the state of immune mechanisms in opioid addiction is determined by the need to predict their course and outcome. The aim of the study was to study the immunological reactivity of the body in patients with opium addiction in a stage of abstinence. For this purpose, clinical and immunological studies were conducted in 80 patients who use opioid drugs. The duration of the disease ranged from 0.5-19 years. Of these, the disease duration is up to 3 years – 28 patients (group I), and over 3 years – 52 patients (group II). The number of subjects in the control group was n = 50. Authors carried out the assessment of the mental, narcological, somatic, and neurological status. In addition, they have studied the general clinical, biochemical and immunological parameters As a result of this study, it was found, that patients of group I had more pronounced T-lymphocytopenia. A persistent increase in the value of serum IgM was revealed both in the dynamics of abstinence and depending on the duration of the disease, which may indicate a strain on the humoral link of immunity in opium addiction. In addition, as the duration of chronic narcotization increases, there is a tendency to increase the relative number of B-lymphocytes. Thus, at the patients with opium addiction in a state of abstinence develop T-lymphocytopenia. Moreover, with an increase in the duration of the disease, an increase in the level of IgM by 2-2.6 times. The revealed changes in the immunological reactivity of the organism suggest the need to include immunocorrective therapy in the complex of therapeutic measures for opium addiction. 

Effect of exercise duration on feed intake and body composition of Swiss albino mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bulbulian ◽  
K. K. Grunewald ◽  
R. R. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Daily Exercise ◽  
Albino Mice

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of daily exercise of varying duration on the body composition, weight, and feed intake of mature Swiss albino mice. Fifty-four male mice were equally divided into a control group and five exercise groups (n = 9) performing 20, 40, 60, 120, and 240 min of daily exercise on a treadmill (7.2 m/min). Feed intake and body weight were measured weekly for 10 wk. At the completion of the study the mice were killed and the animal carcasses were chemically analyzed for fat, dry matter, and protein content. The results of this study demonstrate no differences in the body weight among groups (P less than 0.97) with all groups gaining 4.5–5.8 g during the 10-wk period. However, fat content decreased significantly from 15.7% in the control to 12.0% in the 120- and 240-min exercise groups (P less than 0.05). In contrast, protein content showed an insignificant rising trend from 13.0 to 14.6% with increasing duration of exercise. Feed intake showed a nonsignificant drop during the 20-min exercise treatment and remained unchanged among groups. These data show a slight but variable appetite-suppressing effect of light exercise in mice accompanied by favorable body composition changes even in the absence of differences in body weight. These findings suggest the mouse to be an acceptable experimental model for body composition and exercise studies.

scholarly journals Quality and Physicochemical Traits of Carcasses and Meat from Geese Fed with Lupin-Rich Feed

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Kuźniacka ◽  
Marcin Hejdysz ◽  
Mirosław Banaszak ◽  
Jakub Biesek ◽  
Sebastian Kaczmarek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
White Lupin ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 1

The aim of the study was to analyze the quality of geese meat receiving feed with soybean meal (group 1), yellow lupin (group 2), narrow-leaved lupin (group 3), or white lupin (group 4). In total, 400 male White Kołuda® geese were randomly assigned to four groups, with 10 replicates and 10 birds each, during the 77-day rearing period. After the end of the rearing period, 10 birds from each group were slaughtered and dissected. Meat quality traits were measured. Based on the production results, it can be concluded that geese use fodder with yellow and white lupin to the same degree as in the case of the control group and higher body weight gain was recorded in the first rearing period. In contrast, the use of narrow-leaved lupin in mixtures for geese worsened the feed used. Meat traits were similar in all groups, including the content of muscles and fat in the carcass (p > 0.05), excluding abdominal fat. The weight of abdominal fat and its proportion in the carcass were higher (p < 0.05) in geese from group 4. A higher (p < 0.05) pH was found in group 1. The protein and intramuscular fat content in breast muscles was highest (p < 0.05) in geese from group 4, and a higher water content was found in group 1. The protein content in leg muscles was higher in group 3, and the fat content was higher in group 4 (p < 0.05). The color and water-holding capacity of meat were comparable in all groups (p > 0.05). The analysis revealed a positive effect of replacing soybean meal with alternative protein sources, especially yellow and white lupin, on the growth performance and quality of goose meat.

scholarly journals Does Oral Ingestion ofPiper sarmentosumCause Toxicity in Experimental Animals?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maizura Mohd Zainudin ◽  
Zaiton Zakaria ◽  
Nor Anita Megat Mohd Nordin ◽  
Faizah Othman
Keyword(s):  
Safety Information ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Haematological Profile ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Herbal Plant

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportion in Malaysia and worldwide. Scientific studies have shown that herbal plantPiper sarmentosumexhibits an antidiabetic property. Despite the extensive usage and studies of this herb as alternative medicine, there is paucity of the literature on the safety information of this plant. Thus, the present study aimed to observe the subacute toxic effects ofPiper sarmentosumaqueous extract (PSAE) on the haematological profile, liver, and kidney in rats. The extract was administered by oral gavage to 6 male and femaleSprague Dawleyrats in daily dose of 50 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg for 28 consecutive days. The control group received normal saline. General behavior of the rats, adverse effects, and mortality were observed for 28 days. The haematological and biochemical parameters were determined at baseline and after the treatment. PSAE did not show abnormality on the body weight and gross observation of internal organs. The haematological, biochemical and histopathological profiles showed minimal changes and variation within normal clinical range except for significant increase in serum potassium level that suggests the need of regular monitoring. Nevertheless, these findings suggested that PSAE up to 2000 mg/kg/day did not show subacute toxicity inSprague Dawleyrats.

scholarly journals THE STATE OF HYGIENE AND LOCAL IMMUNITY OF THE ORAL CAVITY IN PATIENTS WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Antonenko ◽  
L. L. Reshetnyk ◽  
E. V. Moskalenko ◽  
N. A. Zelinska ◽  
O. A. Znachkova
Keyword(s):  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Oral Fluid ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Immunological Methods ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Poor Oral Hygiene ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Group I

Aim: to study the state of local immunity and oral hygiene in patients with GP suffering from AN.Materials and methods: 35 patients with AN were examined at the age of 19-35 years. In the study we used immunological methods, an index assessment of the state of oral hygiene (PMA, API, GI).Results and discussion: in patients of I group poor oral hygiene was established. The amount of lysozyme in the oral fluid in I group was 0.014 ± 0.07 g/l. A decrease SIgA (11SIgA) was established in patients of I group: I, II and control (135.31 ± 23.17, 130.26 ± 24.21 and 300.34 ± 27.38 mg/l, respectively). A tendency to an increase in the level of IgG in the oral fluid in patients of group II compared with I and the control group (5.35 ± 0.36, vs. 4.57 ± 0.04 and 4.98 ± 0.23 g/l, respectively) was established.Conclusions: poor oral hygiene is an objective indicator which reflects low motivation to maintain oral health. The observed immunodeficiency (11SIgA) in patients with GP is a mirror image of changes occurring in the body of patients with AN.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI HATI TIKUS WISTAR YANG DIBERIKAN JUS TOMAT (Solanum Lycopersicum) PASCA KERUSAKAN HATI WISTAR YANG DIINDUKSI KARBON TETRAKLORIDA (CCl4)

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Sari Tappi ◽  
Poppy Lintong ◽  
Lily Loho
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Abstract: Liver is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity. As the center of metabolism in the body, liver is potentially damaged by exposure of toxic substances, inter alia carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Metabolism of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) produces CCl3 free radicals that can damage the liver. In Indonesia, there are a lot of natural ingredients that have antioxidant properties, such as tomato. Lycopene in tomatoes contains antioxidant compounds that can prevent damages due to free radical. This study aimed to obtain liver histopathological changes of wistar rats fed with tomato juice after being induced of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). This was an experimental study, using 10 wistar rats which were divided into 4 groups. Group I was the negative control; group II was induced with CCl4 0,05 cc/day and was terminated on day 6; group III was induced with CCl4 0,05 cc/day and was given tomato juice 3 ml/day, and terminated on day 13; group IV was induced by CCl4 0,05 cc/day, given regular pellets, and terminated on day 13. The results showed that group II had histopathological changes of the liver indicating fatty liver, meanwhile group III showed regeneration of nearly all liver cells. Conclusion: Administration of tomato juice after the induction of 3 ml carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) for 7 day showed regeneration of almost all liver cells. Keywords: histopathological changes of the liver, carbon tetrachloride, tomato juice.   Abstrak: Hati merupakan organ terbesar dalam rongga abdomen, dan pusat metabolisme tubuh dengan fungsi yang sangat kompleks dan sangat berpotensi mengalami kerusakan akibat terpapar oleh bahan-bahan toksik, salah satunya yaitu karbon tertraklorida (CCL4). Metabolisme CCl4 menghasilkan radikal bebas CCl3 yang dapat merusak hati. Di Indonesia terdapat  banyak sekali bahan-bahan alami yang mempunyai kandungan antioksidan, salah satunya yaitu tomat. Tomat mengandung senyawa likopen sebagai antioksidan yang dapat mencegah kerusakan jaringan akibat radikal bebas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran histopatologi hati tikus wistar yang diberi jus tomat pasca induksi karbon tetraklorida (CCl4). Metode penelitian ialah eksperimental. Sampel sebanyak 10 ekor tikus wistar yang dibagi dalam 4 kelompok. Kelompok I sebagai kontrol negatif; kelompok II diinduksi CCl4 0,05cc/perhari dan diterminasi hari ke-6; kelompok III diinduksi CCl4 0,05 cc/hari kemudian diberikan jus tomat 3ml/hari;  dan kelompok IV diinduksi CCl4 0,05 cc/hari kemudian diberikan pelet biasa dan diterminasi hari ke-13. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada pemberian CCl4 pada tikus wistar selama 5 hari terdapat gambaran morfologik perlemakan sel hati. Pemberian jus tomat dosis 3 ml pasca induksi karbon tetraklorida (CCl4) menunjukkan terjadinya regenerasi pada hampir seluruh sel-sel hati. Simpulan: Pemberian jus tomat dosis 3 ml pasca induksi karbon tetraklorida (CCl4) selama 7 hari menunjukkan regenerasi pada hampir seluruh sel-sel hati. Kata kunci: gambaran histopatologi hati, karbon tetraklorida, jus tomat.

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