scholarly journals Rabies in Lublin Voivodeship: Effectiveness of prophylactic vaccination of free-living foxes and its impact on wild animal population in the last decade

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 511-515
Author(s):  
Marian Flis ◽  
Jerzy Zarzeczny ◽  
Eugeniusz R. Grela ◽  
Dariusz Gugała
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Assessment Period ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccination ◽  
Relative Stabilization ◽  
Preventive Vaccination ◽  
Primary Vector ◽  
National Border ◽  
The Cost

The aim of the study was to evaluate the epizootic situation of rabies in Lublin Voivodeship in a ten-year period (2005-2014) of a prophylactic vaccination of foxes, against the background of the population dynamics of the species, which is the primary vector of the virus. In addition, an evaluation of the effectiveness and costs of preventive measures was carried out. During the assessment period, despite a fluctuating distribution of the virus occurrence in wild and domestic animals, there was a relative stabilization in the number of reported rabies cases. As in previous years, the primary reservoir of the virus were wild foxes and, among domestic animals, dogs and cats. Most cases in this region were found near the national border, which is due to the lack of preventive measures in Ukraine and Belarus, as well as migrations of animals. During the ten years of the study, the density of free-living fox population and the hunting rates were high. The results, showing high rates of vaccine ingestion by foxes and a high fox population density, confirm the effectiveness of vaccination, which in turn resulted in increased predation and further decrease in the main species of small animals, which has continued for several years. An economic analysis of preventive measures against rabies indicates that the cost of preventive vaccination increased each year, and consisted mostly of the cost of the vaccine..

scholarly journals Effectiveness of oral immunization of free-living foxes in the reduction of rabies in Poland in 2011-2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 5966-2018
Author(s):  
MARIAN FLIS ◽  
EUGENIUSZ R. GRELA ◽  
DARIUSZ GUGAŁA
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Ecological Assessment ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Negative Aspect ◽  
Free Living ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The paper presents the epidemiological situation of rabies in Poland in the period 2011-2015 in the con-text of the ongoing since 2002, a national campaign of oral immunization of free-living foxes and its efficiency and costs. Additionally, the impact of preventive measures on the dynamics of the number of foxes, was evalu-ated. During the study period, a decrease in the amount of ascertained rabies cases in wild and domestic animals was recorded, but still the primary reservoir of the virus were free-living foxes. The high effectiveness of vaccina-tion, evaluated applying detailed laboratory tests, contributed significantly to the level of foxes immunization, which was also confirmed by the ecological assessment. However, in some provinces and years of the research, the level of immunization should be considered as average, which was confirmed by the results of 2015, when only every second fox examined in the framework of monitoring acquired the resistance as a result of preven-tive vaccination. Despite the relatively high cost of the described preventive measures, which include the costs of purchasing the vaccine and its distribution in the field, it seems necessary to continue the oral immunization of foxes initiated in 1993 and expanded in 2002 throughout the country. The dramatic drop in the incidence of rabies in animals affects directly the reduction in the epidemiological risks. Undoubtedly, the negative aspect of the aforementioned actions is growth and persistent large population of foxes and their adverse impact on the functioning of the main small animals species, as well as the possibility of increased epizootic risk in respect of other diseases affecting the species. In this situation, it seems necessary, already begun intensifying acquisition of foxes by culling..

Psychological Impact of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Disease on Cancer Patients

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaurav Dhiman
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Related Problem ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Recommended Care ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Face ◽  
Mental Trauma ◽  
The Cost

: In this letter, the psychological impact of COVID-19 on cancer infected patients is discussed. Cancer is a serious health-related problem in the human body nowadays. The 2019 pandemic of coronavirus disease has developed into an unheard-of pandemic. Given the havoc wreaked by this pathogen worldwide, many countries have implemented a severe, legally enforced method of social distancing, in the form of a lockdown. Unless adequate preventive measures are taken, the cost of the pandemic and subsequent lockdown can prove to be irreparable. The obvious consequences of this lockout, such as the escalating levels of unemployment, imminent economic crisis, and extreme food scarcity faced by the sudden unemployed migrant labour population, have been widely reported. Cancer patients are a highly vulnerable group even during non-pandemic periods, often presenting late in the course of their illness, without the services required to avail recommended care. The incidence of psychological complications and emotional distress is considerably higher than in the general population, and the trauma of both the pandemic and subsequent lockdown contributes significantly to their mental trauma. This analysis is geared at solving the challenges faced by cancer patients in the face of this pandemic and subsequent lockdown, with a look at potential solutions that can be enforced.

The cost-effectiveness of HIV preventive measures among injecting drug users in Svetlogorsk, Belarus

Addiction ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1565-1576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilani Kumaranayake ◽  
Peter Vickerman ◽  
Damian Walker ◽  
Syiatsaslav Samoshkin ◽  
Vladimir Romantzov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Injecting Drug Users ◽  
The Cost

FATTY-ACID RATIOS IN FREE-LIVING AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS

The Lancet ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 291 (7556) ◽  
pp. 1329-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Free Living

The improbable endotherm: the energetics of the sauropod dinosaur Brachiosaurus

Paleobiology ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan C. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Late Jurassic ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
The Cost

One testable hypothesis of the theory that dinosaurs were endothermic is the observation that sauropod dinosaurs were too large, their heads were too small, and their food was too indigestible for them to be warm-blooded. Calculations on the daily calorie requirements of the sauropod Brachiosaurus, adjusted for digestibility and the energetic cost of “free-living,” were compared with the caloric density of Late Jurassic food plants and the feeding rates of an elephant and a giraffe. Using Brachiosaurus as a model I concluded that endothermy in large sauropods (greater than 55 metric tons) was impossible. Depending on assumptions about feeding rates and the cost of free-living, endothermy in smaller sauropods ranges from improbable to impossible.

Changing risk profile of hepatitis A in The Netherlands: a comparison of seroprevalence in 1995–1996 and 2006–2007

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (8) ◽  
pp. 1172-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. VERHOEF ◽  
H. J. BOOT ◽  
M. KOOPMANS ◽  
L. MOLLEMA ◽  
F. VAN DER KLIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Prophylactic Vaccination ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Second World

SUMMARYThe prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (HAV) was assessed in a nationwide sample (n=6229) in The Netherlands in 2006–2007, and compared to the seroprevalence in a similar study in 1995–1996 (n=7376). The overall seroprevalence increased from 34% in 1995–1996 to 39% in 2006–2007, mainly due to vaccination of travellers and an increased immigrant population. Risk factors remain travelling to, and originating from, endemic regions, and vaccination is targeted currently at these risk groups. Our results show a trend of increasing age of the susceptible population. These people would also benefit from HAV vaccination because they are likely to develop clinically serious symptoms after infection, and are increasingly at risk of exposure through imported viruses through foods or travellers. The cost-effectiveness of adding elderly people born after the Second World War as a target group for prophylactic vaccination to reduce morbidity and mortality after HAV infection should be assessed.

scholarly journals A dynamic model for crime control and policy evaluation

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. U. Ahmed ◽  
M. A. Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Policy Evaluation ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rigorous Mathematical Model

The paper is concerned with the development of a rigorous mathematical model describing the dynamics of criminal population subject to sentencing policies of any penal (legal) system. The model enables evaluation of the impact of preventive measures used in the society and correctional measures used by the penitentiaries. A performance index reflecting the effectiveness of such measures and the cost to the society for providing the same is introduced and the question of optimality discussed.

scholarly journals The Principles of the Voluntary Programme for the Control and Elimination of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) From Infected Herds in Slovenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Toplak ◽  
Peter Hostnik ◽  
Danijela Černe ◽  
Janko Mrkun ◽  
Jože Starič
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
National Level ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Diarrhoea Virus ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Free Status ◽  
Voluntary Programme

In Slovenia, the control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections started in 1994. Since 2014, a voluntary programme has been running according to the national rules that prescribe the conditions for recognising, acquiring, and maintaining a BVDV-free status for an individual herd. The principle is based on periodical laboratory testing and preventive measures that need to be strictly implemented in a herd. Between 2014 and 2020, a total of 348 herds were included in BVDV antibody testing, and 25.0% of tested herds were detected to be BVDV antibody positive. To recognise the BVDV-free status of the herd, the breeder should provide two consecutive tests with intervals of at least 6 months in all animals in the age from 7 to 13 months, with negative results for BVDV antibodies in ELISA. The BVDV-free status of the herd can be maintained by implementing preventive measures and can be renewed each year with one laboratory test in the age group of animals from 7 to 13 months for antibodies in ELISA. During the 7 years of the voluntary programme, 236 herds were included in the detection of BVDV in individual herds by real-time RT-PCR method and the elimination of positive animals from herds. In 71 (31.3%) herds, at least one BVDV-positive animal was detected, with the identification of a total of 267 persistently infected (PI) animals, representing an average of 2.9% of tested animals. The cost of testing for an average herd, recognised as BVDV-negative, and maintaining its BVDV-free status within the implemented voluntary programme, was €97.64/year, while for the average positive herd, the laboratory costs for elimination of BVDV were €189.59/year. Only limited progress towards eradication at the national level has been achieved in Slovenia since 2014.

Changes in the procedure for financial support of medical organizations in the system of compulsory medical insurance at the present stage of the spread of coronavirus infection (

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-74
Author(s):  
F. N. Kadyrov ◽  
◽  
O. V. Obukhova ◽  
A. M. Chililov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The One ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
The Cost

In the context of the spread of coronavirus infection, the main problem of medical organizations is not an obvious increase in the cost of providing medical care associated with ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological regime (personal protective equipment, disinfection, etc.), but a decrease in income due to a drop in the volume of planned medical care, suspension of preventive measures, downtime (during the period of re-profiling, etc.). The state quickly responded to this situation by making changes to the relevant legislation and adopting a number of special regulatory legal acts. However, the implementation of these rather varied measures tied to a number of factors, such as the presence or absence of restrictive measures on the territory of the Russian Federation; participation or non-participation in the care of patients with coronavirus infection; periods within which the one or the other order advances, etc. All this causes difficulties in understanding what financial security mechanism is applied to this particular situation, what should be the actions of medical organizations. This article is devoted to the analysis of ways of financial support of medical organizations in the system of compulsory medical insurance at various stages of the fight against coronavirus infection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document