Maintenance Mechanisms of a Precipitation Band Formed along the Ibuki-Suzuka Mountains on September 2-3, 2008

Kazuomi MOROTOMI; Taro SHINODA; Yukari SHUSSE; Takeharu KOUKETSU; Tadayasu OHIGASHI; Kazuhisa TSUBOKI; Hiroshi UYEDA; Ichiro TAMAGAWA

doi:10.2151/jmsj.2012-511

Immunochemical Investigation of the Serum Proteins in Chick Embryos

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.11.4.683 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 683-688

Author(s):

F. Peetoom ◽

W. J. A. TH. Kraijenhoff Sloot ◽

M. W. Woerdeman

Keyword(s):

Serum Proteins ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Chick Embryos ◽

Lens Proteins ◽

Embryonic Antigens ◽

Specific Antisera ◽

Precipitation Band ◽

Immunochemical Investigation ◽

The Subject ◽

Chick Lens

The use of specific antisera against different embryonic antigens to detect a correlation between morphological and immunochemical differentiation in ontogenesis has proved to be a valuable technique. In a study of the appearance of lens proteins in chick embryos, using various antisera and agar precipitation methods, we observed the development of precipitation lines which did not correspond to specific lens proteins. These lines were encountered in the Ouchterlony and immunoelectrophoretic pictures obtained with young (up to 120 hr.) embryo or lens extracts when these were tested with antiserum to 24-hr, embryo extract or to adult chick serum. However, this type of precipitation band was never found when antiserum against adult chick lens was used. Some of our experimental results which clarify the nature of these precipitation reactions are summarized below. Full details of these experiments are the subject of another publication.

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Heavy Ice Precipitation Band in an Oceanic Extratropical Cyclone Observed by GPM/DPR: 1. A Case Study

Geophysical Research Letters ◽

10.1029/2019gl082896 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 7007-7014 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shizuka Akiyama ◽

Shoichi Shige ◽

Munehisa K. Yamamoto ◽

Toshio Iguchi

Keyword(s):

Extratropical Cyclone ◽

Precipitation Band

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Structure and Evolution of a Warm Frontal Precipitation Band during the GPM Cold Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx)

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/mwr-d-16-0072.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 145 (2) ◽

pp. 473-493 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Brian A. Colle ◽

Aaron R. Naeger ◽

Andrew Molthan

Keyword(s):

Wrf Model ◽

Cold Season ◽

Early Maturity ◽

Low Level ◽

The North ◽

Warm Front ◽

Precipitation Measurement ◽

Precipitation Experiment ◽

Precipitation Band ◽

Global Precipitation

This paper describes the evolution of an intense precipitation band associated with a relatively weak warm front observed during the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission Cold Season Precipitation Experiment (GCPEx) over southern Ontario, Canada, on 18 February 2012. The warm frontal precipitation band went through genesis, maturity, and decay over a 5–6-h period. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model nested down to 1-km grid spacing was able to realistically predict the precipitation band evolution, albeit somewhat weaker and slightly farther south than observed. Band genesis began in an area of precipitation with embedded convection to the north of the warm front in a region of weak frontogenetical forcing at low levels and a weakly positive to slightly negative moist potential vorticity (MPV*) from 900 to 650 hPa. A midlevel dry intrusion helped reduce the midlevel stability, while the precipitation band intensified as the low-level frontogenesis intensified in a sloping layer with the warm front. Aggregates of unrimed snow occurred within the band during early maturity, while more supercooled water and graupel occurred as the upward motion increased because of the frontogenetical circulation. As the low-level cyclone moved east, the low-level deformation decreased and the column stabilized for vertical and slantwise ascent, and the warm frontal band weakened. A WRF experiment turning off latent heating resulted in limited precipitation band development and a weaker warm front, while turning off latent cooling only intensified the frontal precipitation band as additional midlevel instability compensated for the small decrease in frontogenetical forcing.

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Impacts of Topography on Airflow and Precipitation in the Pyeongchang Area Seen from Multiple-Doppler Radar Observations

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/mwr-d-17-0394.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 146 (10) ◽

pp. 3401-3424 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Chia-Lun Tsai ◽

Kwonil Kim ◽

Yu-Chieng Liou ◽

Gyuwon Lee ◽

Cheng-Ku Yu

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Doppler Radar ◽

Structural Evolution ◽

Critical Factor ◽

Heavy Precipitation ◽

Stage I ◽

Stage Ii ◽

Mountain Range ◽

Pressure System ◽

Precipitation Band

Abstract This study uses high-resolution radar and surface observations to investigate the finescale structural evolution of airflow and precipitation over complex terrain in the Pyeongchang area, South Korea. The Taebaek Mountain range (TMR) runs parallel to the northeastern coast of South Korea, with a perpendicular ridge known as the Pyeongchang branch (PCB). The objective of this study was to identify the mechanisms of wintertime precipitation over these topographic features during the passage of a low pressure system (LPS) through the southern Korean Peninsula. The analysis indicates that intense precipitation occurred over the southwestern and northeastern sides of the TMR during stage I but only over the northeastern side during stage II. The prevailing southwesterly winds were dominated by warm advection associated with the LPS over the PCB during stage I. These prevailing southwesterly winds locally enhanced precipitation on the southwestern end of the PCB; multiple influences of mountain waves, airflow convergence, and drifted particles are possible factors for causing precipitation on the northeastern side of the TMR. During stage II, the prevailing winds changed from easterlies to northeasterlies offshore from Gangneung. The easterly winds decelerated and were deflected locally along the mountainous coast, and this blocked zone interacted with the oncoming flow to trigger a precipitation band. Consequently, the northeasterly winds helped push the precipitation band toward the coast, causing heavy precipitation in Gangneung. The observational evidence presented shows that the interaction of temporally changing winds accompanying the movement of an LPS over topography is a critical factor for determining the distribution and intensity of precipitation.

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Radioimmunoassay for yeast killer toxin from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m81-132 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 27 (8) ◽

pp. 847-849

Author(s):

Farooq A. Siddiqui ◽

Howard Bussey

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Ammonium Sulfate ◽

Column Chromatography ◽

Specific Activity ◽

Killer Toxin ◽

Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation ◽

Antibody Preparation ◽

Precipitation Band ◽

Yeast Killer ◽

Yeast Killer Toxin

Aradioimmunoassay was developed for the K1 killer toxin from strain T158C/S14a of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 125I-labeled toxin was made to a specific activity of 100 μCi/mg of protein (1 μCi = 37 kBq). Antibody to purified toxin was prepared in rabbits using toxin cross-linked to itself. These antibodies, partially purified by 50% ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sepharose CL-6B column chromatography, produced one precipitation band with killer toxin and bound 125I-labeled toxin in a radioimmunoassay. The antibody preparation also bound with the toxins from another K1 killer, A364A, and three chromosomal superkiller mutants derived from it.

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Sensitivity of Summer Precipitation over Korea to Convective Parameterizations in the RegCM4: An Updated Assessment

Advances in Meteorology ◽

10.1155/2020/1329071 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Thanh Nguyen-Xuan ◽

Liying Qiu ◽

Eun-Soon Im ◽

Jina Hur ◽

Kyo-Moon Shim

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Daily Precipitation ◽

Model Performance ◽

Summer Precipitation ◽

Northward Propagation ◽

Precipitation Band ◽

Limited Accuracy ◽

Statistical Metrics ◽

Dry Bias

This study investigates the performance of the latest version of RegCM4 in simulating summer precipitation over South Korea, comparing nine sensitivity experiments with different combinations of convective parameterization schemes (CPSs) between land and ocean. In addition to the gross pattern of seasonal and monthly mean precipitation, the northward propagation of the intense precipitation band and statistics from extreme daily precipitation are thoroughly evaluated against gridded and in situ station observations. The comparative analysis of 10-year simulations demonstrates that no CPS shows superiority in both quantitative and qualitative aspects. Furthermore, a nontrivial discrepancy among the different observation datasets makes a robust assessment of model performance difficult. Regardless of the CPS over the ocean, the simulations with the Kain–Fritsch scheme over land show a severe dry bias, whereas the simulations with the Tiedtke scheme over land suffer from a limited accuracy in reproducing spatial distributions due to the excessive orographic precipitation. In general, the simulations with the Emanuel scheme over land are better at capturing the major characteristics of summer precipitation over South Korea, despite not all statistical metrics showing the best performance. When applying the Emanuel scheme to both land and the ocean, precipitation tends to be slightly overestimated. This deficiency can be alleviated by using either the Tiedtke or Kain–Fritsch schemes over the ocean instead. As few studies have applied and evaluated the Tiedtke and Kain–Fritsch schemes to the Korean region within the RegCM framework, and this study introduces the potential of these new CPSs compared with the more frequently selected Emanuel scheme, which is particularly beneficial to RegCM users.

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The Frequency and Characteristics of Lake-Effect Precipitation Events Associated with the New York State Finger Lakes

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ◽

10.1175/2008jamc2054.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 873-886 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Neil Laird ◽

Ryan Sobash ◽

Natasha Hodas

Keyword(s):

New York ◽

Great Lakes ◽

Salt Lake ◽

New York State ◽

Weather System ◽

York State ◽

Lake Effect ◽

Finger Lakes ◽

Precipitation Band ◽

Precipitation Events

Abstract This study presents a climatological analysis of the frequency and characteristics of lake-effect precipitation events that were initiated or enhanced by lakes within the New York State (NYS) Finger Lakes region for the 11 winters (October–March) from 1995/96 through 2005/06. Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data from Binghamton, New York, were used to identify 125 lake-effect events. Events occurred as 1) a well-defined, isolated precipitation band over and downwind of a lake, 2) an enhancement of mesoscale lake-effect precipitation originating from Lake Ontario and extending southward over an individual Finger Lake, 3) a quasi-stationary mesoscale precipitation band positioned over a lake embedded within extensive regional precipitation from a synoptic weather system, or 4) a transition from one type to another. Results show that lake-effect precipitation routinely develops over lakes that are considerably smaller than lakes previously discussed as being associated with lake-effect precipitation, such as the Great Lakes. Lake-effect events occurred during each month (October–March) across the 11 winters studied and were identified in association with each of the six easternmost Finger Lakes examined in this study. The frequency of NYS Finger Lakes lake-effect events determined in the current investigation paired with subsequent analyses of the environmental conditions leading to these events will allow for 1) comparative analyses of necessary conditions for lake-effect development across a range of lake sizes (e.g., NYS Finger Lakes, Lake Champlain, Great Salt Lake, and Great Lakes) and 2) an informative examination of the connection between mesoscale processes and climate variability.

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Immunological techniques to identify Azospirillum associated with wetland rice

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/m82-073 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 28 (5) ◽

pp. 478-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

J. K. Ladha ◽

W. L. Barraquio ◽

I. Watanabe

Keyword(s):

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

Wetland Rice ◽

Azospirillum Lipoferum ◽

Heat Labile ◽

Precipitation Band ◽

Species Specific ◽

Respective Species

Azospirilla associated with wetland rice were isolated and characterized by employing immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence techniques. Antisera against two strains belonging to Azospirillum lipoferum produced at least one heat-labile precipitation band with most isolates of A. lipoferum and A. brasilense. Antisera against two strains belonging to A. lipoferum and one strain belonging to A. brasilense produced one band only with strains of their respective species. Fluorescent antibody reactions with Azospirillum were species specific. Specificity of these antisera and fluorescent antibodies was further demonstrated with bacteria other than Azospirillum.

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Convectively Coupled Waves Propagating along an Equatorial ITCZ

Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences ◽

10.1175/2009jas3020.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 66 (8) ◽

pp. 2237-2255 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Juliana Dias ◽

Olivier Pauluis

Keyword(s):

Gravity Wave ◽

Large Scale ◽

Water System ◽

Propagation Speed ◽

Advection Equation ◽

Quasi Equilibrium ◽

Kelvin Wave ◽

Precipitation Band ◽

Shallow Water System ◽

Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation

Abstract The dynamics of convectively coupled gravity waves traveling over a precipitating region are analyzed in an idealized model for the large-scale atmospheric circulation. The model is composed of a shallow water system coupled to an advection equation for moisture through the convection term, utilizing a quasi-equilibrium relaxation to moisture closure. Here the authors investigate the model in the strict quasi-equilibrium (SQE) of infinitely short relaxation time. This framework is applied to study the behavior of a disturbance propagating along a narrow precipitation band, similar to the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). For an ITCZ width on the order of the equatorial Rossby radius, Kelvin waves propagate at the moist gravity wave speed (about 15 m s−1), whereas for a narrow ITCZ, the propagation speed is comparable to the dry gravity wave (about 50 m s−1). It is also shown that a Kelvin wave propagating along a narrow precipitation region exhibits a meridional circulation that modulates the precipitation rate and affects the propagation speed of the wave.

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