scholarly journals The Hardy Cross method and its implementation in Spain

Lámpsakos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Josep Maria Pons
Keyword(s):  
New Approach ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
Calculation Methodology ◽  
Hardy Cross ◽  
The Cross ◽  
American Society ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Fixed End ◽  
Continuous Frames ◽  
New Buildings

In May 1930, Hardy Cross (1885-1959) published an article called ‘Analysis of continuous frames by distributing fixed-end moments’ in the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). This article proposed a new approach to Structural Theory, and its relevance could be compared to that of the Three Moments Theorem (also known as the Clapeyron Theorem). The Cross method, as this calculation methodology has been often called, had remarkable significance from the moment it came out until the 70s, when new calculation methods became popular. In the present article, we will be trying to evaluate its impact in locations far from its origins; in particular, how it was understood and formulated in Spain. As will be demonstrated, the importance of this method was extremely relevant for theconstruction of new buildings and the implementation of new industries, which started to appear in a decisive moment for the development of the country. Even though the Hardy Cross method was the most widely used methodology at the time, two other procedures were also available; namely, the Kani and the Takabeya methods, methods that would also appear in the technical bibliography of the time. Despite the infrequent implementation of these other methods, we have briefly referred to both of them in the present paper. This article aims to show the relevance of the Cross method as well as its early implementation in Spain, by using academic bibliography of that time.

scholarly journals ANALISIS DAN PERENCANAAN GEDUNG “STUDI KASUS PERENCANAAN GEDUNG BELAJAR PONDOK PESANTREN TAHFIDZ AL–QU’RAN (PPTQ) BERTINGKAT TIGA DESA SUNGAI RAYA KECAMATAN BATANG TUAKA KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
M. Yoga Ali Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Boarding School ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Lateral Loads ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Moment Distribution ◽  
Moment Distribution Method ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Fixed End

Abstract Building planning in this study is a three-story Islamic boarding school building planning. The building function in this planning is used for the male students' learning building, with planning data based on Permendiknas No. 24/2007. Structural analysis to calculate internal forces on the structure uses two methods, namely the Cross method and the Cantilever Method. The Cross method or also known as the moment distribution method is used to calculate the vertical forces acting on the structure, in the analysis process this method carries out a moment distribution and induction (cary over) of the primary moment (Fixed End Moment) for a number of rounds (iterations) in order to get balance at each knot point. While the cantilever method is used to calculate the horizontal force acting on the structure. The cantilever method is an approximate method for calculating the shear and moment forces developed in beams and columns of a frame or structure due to lateral loads. The applied lateral loads usually include wind loads and earthquake loads, which must be taken into account when planning a building structure. The assumptions used in this method are that the contraflexure points (or the moment diagram inflection points) in the vertical and horizontal sections are located at the midpoint. Abstrak Perencanaan gedung dalam penelitian ini adalah perencanaan gedung Pondok Pesantren bertingkat tiga. Fungsi gedung di perencanaan ini digunakan untuk gedung belajar santri putra, dengan data – data perencanaan berdasarkan Permendiknas No 24 Tahun 2007. Analisa struktur untuk menghitung gaya – gaya dalam pada struktur mengunakan dua metode yaitu metode Cross dan Metode Kantilever. Metode Cross atau biasa juga disebut metode distribusi momen digunakan untuk menghitung gaya – gaya vertikal yang bekerja pada struktur, dalam proses analisis metode ini melalukan distribusi momen dan induksi (cary over) terhadap momen primer  (Fixed End Momen) sebanyak beberapa putaran (iterasi) guna mendapatkan keseimbangan di setiap titik simpul. Sedangkan metode Kantilever digunakan untuk menghitung gaya Horizontal yang bekerja pada struktur. Metode Kantilever adalah metode perkiraan untuk menghitung gaya geser dan momen yang dikembangkan dalam balok dan kolom bingkai atau struktur karena beban lateral. Beban lateral yang diterapkan biasanya mencakup beban angin dan beban gempa, yang harus dipertimbangkan saat merencanaan struktur bangunan. Asumsi-asumsi yang digunakan dalam metode ini adalah bahwa titik-titik contraflexure (atau titik-titik infleksi diagram momen) di bagian vertikal dan horizontal terletak di titik tengah.  

Internal-Time Consciousness in Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s Novels

Imbizo ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nkiru Doris Onyemachi ◽  
Chinyere Chinedu Ezekwesili
Keyword(s):  
New Approach ◽  
Internal Time ◽  
Time Consciousness ◽  
Narrative Time ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Moment

Studies on Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s novels, specifically Petals of Blood, Devil on the Cross, and Wizard of the Crow, have been commonly read as a reflection of Ngugi’s historical and political stances. The assessments of narrative time in these works have commonly been categorised as the different folds of time in the author’s experiences. Some critics also analyse these novels as political weapons used in fighting capitalism. These modes of reading these texts have become stereotyped and generated a blurry distinction between reality and fiction and/or between author and narrator. This study deviates from the previous forms of reading that make reference to the author by proffering a different study of time in fiction. It adopts a new approach to study these texts as self-sufficient literary tools. This is achieved through Currie’s analysis of internal-time consciousness enshrined in poststructuralism. Internal-time consciousness in these novels is established through narrators’ and characters’ consciousness of the beginning and end and their zeal to extend the duration of the present by arresting the moment. The study of internal-time consciousness in these texts further explores their literariness by recognising the interconnectivity between characters, events, and actions.

A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Block ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

Perceiving at a distance: enaction, exteriority and possibility – a tribute to John Stewart

2021 ◽  
pp. 105971232110310
Author(s):  
Charles Lenay
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Distant Object ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Two Stages

The aim of this article is to offer a new approach of perception regarding the position of a distant object. It is also a tribute to John Stewart who accompanied the first stages of this research. Having already examined the difficulties surrounding questions of the perception of exteriority within the framework of enactive approaches, we will proceed in two stages. The first stage will consist of an attempt to explain distal perception in terms of individual sensorimotor invariants. This poses the problem but fails to solve it. The second stage will propose a new pathway to account for spatial perception; a pathway that does not deny the initial intuitions of the autopoietic enactive approaches, but one which radically changes the conception of cognition by considering, from the perceptual stage, the need to take into account interindividual interactions. The protocol of an original experimental study will characterize this new approach considering the perceptual experience of objects at a distance, in exteriority, in a space of possibilities without parting from the domain of interaction. To do this, we have to work at the limits of the perceptual crossing, that is, at the moment when the perceptual reciprocity between different subjects begins to disappear.

Probabilistic Optimal Design Using Successive Surrogate Probability Density Functions

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Eggert ◽  
R. W. Mayne
Keyword(s):  
Probability Density ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Density Functions ◽  
Matching Method ◽  
Design Constraint ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Function Formulation ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

Abstract Probabilistic optimization using the moment matching method and the simulation optimization method are discussed and compared to conventional deterministic optimization. A new approach based on successively approximating probability density functions, using recursive quadratic programming for the optimization process, is described. This approach incorporates the speed and robustness of analytical probability density functions and improves accuracy by considering simulation results. Theoretical considerations and an example problem illustrate the features of the approach. The paper closes with a discussion of an objective function formulation which includes the expected cost of design constraint failure.

Competitive Memory Training (COMET) for Low Self-Esteem in Patients with Personality Disorders: A Randomized Effectiveness Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kees Korrelboom ◽  
Marlies Marissen ◽  
Tanja van Assendelft
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Mental Health Institution ◽  
Intermediate Effect

Background: Self-esteem is a major concern in the treatment of patients with personality disorders in general. In patients with borderline personality disorder, low self-esteem is associated with factors contributing to suicidal and self-injurious behaviour. At the moment there are no well-proven interventions that specifically target low self-esteem. Recently, a new approach, Competitive Memory Training or COMET, aimed at the enhancement of retrieving beneficial information from memory, appeared to be successful in addressing low self-esteem in different patient populations. Aims: To assess whether COMET for low self-esteem is also an effective intervention for patients with personality disorders. Method: 91 patients with personality disorders who were already in therapy in a regular mental health institution were randomly assigned to either 7 group sessions of COMET in addition to their regular therapy or to 7 weeks of ongoing regular therapy. These latter patients received COMET after their “7 weeks waiting period for COMET”. All patients that completed COMET were contacted 3 months later to assess whether the effects of COMET had remained stable. Results: Compared to the patients who received regular therapy only, patients in the COMET + regular therapy condition improved significantly and with large effect sizes on indices of self-esteem and depression. Significant differential improvements on measures of autonomy and social optimism were also in favour of COMET, but had small to intermediate effect sizes. The therapeutic effects of COMET remained stable after 3 months on three out of the four outcome measures. Conclusion: COMET for low self-esteem seems to be an efficacious trans-diagnostic approach that can rather easily be implemented in the treatment of patients with personality disorders.

scholarly journals Advantage and practical use of solar panels in road construction

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Permyakov ◽  
Alexander Ilyin ◽  
Tatyana Ivanchenko ◽  
Alexander Ivanchenko ◽  
Nikolai Kopeikin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Renewable Natural Resource ◽  
Current Energy ◽  
Intended Use

This article focuses on ordinary, familiar to us structures and what other benefits, except for their intended use, they can bring. One of the most pressing problems of the modern world is the excessive use of non-renewable or hardly renewable natural resources. The key element necessary for the operation of transport is gasoline extracted from oil, which is a hardly renewable natural resource, at the moment the rate of consumption of oil significantly exceeds the rate of its occurrence in the natural environment. In addition, people use atomic power stations to produce energy used in everyday life, many plants and factories are built to produce various things necessary for life, and sometimes just to increase comfort. All this has a very negative impact on the environment, and to clean it after such pollution is a very difficult task. In this way, in the use of current energy sources, we distinguish 2 significant flaws – the exhaustion and difficulty of renewal of the key components necessary for obtaining energy and the negative impact on the world around us. Many states came to the conclusion that it would be much more rational to develop a new approach to energy production, based on the use of inexhaustible and environmentally friendly natural elements. The main example of this approach is the use of solar energy by converting it into electricity using solar panels. In this article, we will look at solar panels and their use in road construction as a way to generate energy and solve environmental problems.

scholarly journals A New Approach for Evaluating Software Testing Automation Tools

2019 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
N. Induja ◽  
R. Maruthi
Keyword(s):  
Software Testing ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
Management Team ◽  
Automated Testing ◽  
End User ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Testing Tool ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Automation Tools ◽  
Selection Of

The environments where the build to focus the warehouse to maintain all the business aspects are satisfied and the quality are obtained on the functionalities are acting up to the users mark. The objective of this paper is to evaluate and initiate a mechanism to evaluate automation tools effectively, at the moment. There are various systems built and even if they are platform independent and also if existing with additional features they are having many demerits that don't satisfy the end user. An important contribution of this paper is the development of the metric suite that facilitates assessment and selection of a desired testing tool for automated testing and in relation to the environment for the software is developed. At the software industry it is a high value for project management team selecting the tools that may satisfy the requirement satisfactions highlighted by the end user to be satisfied to maintain the business mix.

Turbulent Wall-Pressure Fluctuations: A New Model for Off-Axis Cross-Spectral Density

1997 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Singer
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Spectral Density ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Wall Pressure ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Cross Spectral Density ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cross

Models for the distribution of the wall-pressure under a turbulent boundary layer often estimate the coherence of the cross-spectral density in terms of a product of two coherence functions. One such function describes the coherence as a function of separation distance in the mean-flow direction, the other function describes the coherence in the cross-stream direction. Analysis of data from a large-eddy simulation of a turbulent boundary layer reveals that this approximation dramatically underpredicts the coherence for separation directions that are neither aligned with nor perpendicular to the mean-flow direction. These models fail even when the coherence functions in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the mean flow are known exactly. A new approach for combining the parallel and perpendicular coherence functions is presented. The new approach results in vastly improved approximations for the coherence.

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