scholarly journals Small Is Beautiful : Preferential Trade Agreements and the Impact of Country Size, Market Share, Efficiency, and Trade Policy

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Schiff
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Country Size ◽  
The Impact

Subsidies Regulation Beyond the WTO

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo Borlini
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Bilateral Agreements ◽  
Negative Function ◽  
Public Aid ◽  
The Eu

An increasingly important aspect of EU trade policy since the lifting of its self-imposed moratorium on preferential trade agreements (PTAs) has been the inclusion of WTO+ provisions on subsidies in bilateral agreements negotiated with a number of third countries. This article covers the main bilateral PTAs negotiated after the publication of the Commission’s Communication on ‘Global Europe’ in order to explore the implications of the different subsidy disciplines they set out. It also discusses the questions that arise when examining the legal discipline of public aid provided by such agreements, regarding not only the substantive appropriateness of standards and rules on compatibility, but also the procedural mechanisms designed to guarantee the implementation and the enforcement of such rules. It concludes that the most advanced among the EU PTAs are shaped as competition regulation and go beyond a mere negative function, ensuring that subsidies can contribute to fundamental public goals.

Part I Investment Treaties and the Settlement of Investment Disputes: The Framework, 1 Bilateral Investment Treaties and Investment Provisions in Preferential Trade Agreements: Recent Developments in Investment Rule-making

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Echandi Roberto
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
International Investment ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
Investment Treaties ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rule Making

This chapter argues that investment disputes, particularly those that have arisen in the context of the implementation of NAFTA, have influenced the refinement of the provisions of new generation international investment agreements (IIAs) as well as the inclusion of a series of procedural and substantive innovations. It addresses the main distinction between BITs and investment chapters in preferential trade agreements (PTAs), focusing on the evolution of their respective rationales. It looks at the main features of the new generation of IIAs and explains how such features respond to challenges derived from the interpretation of substantive and procedural provisions included in previous agreements. The discussion is organized under two themes: (i) moving from the original exclusive focus on investment protection towards also promoting liberalization of investment flows; and (ii) the impact of investor-state dispute settlement on investment rule-making.

Impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on firms’ degree of internationalization

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-78
Author(s):  
Sulaman Hafeez Siddiqui ◽  
Muhammad Zafarullah ◽  
Muhammad Ijaz Latif ◽  
Ghulam Shabir
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Mixed Methods Research ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Internationalization Strategies ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to postulate the impact of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) on internationalization strategies of member countries’ firms. The study also aims to triangulate the proposed model using empirical data from PTA partner economies. Design/methodology/approach – The mixed methods research design is used for the purpose of inquiry as suggested by Creswell. The inductive reasoning based on critical literature review and grounded theory methodology is used to postulate the model. Explanatory strength of the model is triangulated using empirical longitudinal trade data of Pakistan with her bilateral PTA partners, i.e. Malaysia, Mauritius, Iran, Sri Lanka and China. Internationalization indices are adapted following the Ietto-Gillies and London (2009) and Petri (1994) to measure the intensity and geographical diversification dimensions of internationalization. Country-level trade statistics are used as a proxy of firm-level data to explain the international expansion of home firms resulting from PTAs. Findings – Empirical results confirm a strong and long-term impact of PTAs on the intensity and extensity dimensions of internationalization over post-agreement period in Pakistan and member economies. Gravity index depicts greater concentration of Pakistan's trade in FTA markets and thereby confirms the influence of PTAs on international market selection. Analysis at sectoral level depicts a contraction in services trade whereas expansion in the manufacturing firms’ export growth to member economies. Originality/value – The paper extends the theory of internationalization by identifying PTAs as exogenous variable influencing internationalization strategies of member countries’ firms in a developing South Asian context. Coupled with findings from empirical data, the study identifies PTAs as a new strategic trade policy tool available to policy makers for promoting and influencing the home firms’ internationalization strategies.

Toxic trade: the impact of preferential trade agreements on alcohol imports from Australia in partner countries

Addiction ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 115 (7) ◽  
pp. 1277-1284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Schram ◽  
Emma Aisbett ◽  
Belinda Townsend ◽  
Ronald Labonté ◽  
Fran Baum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
The Impact

Nondiscrimination and the WTO Agreement on Safeguards

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHAD P. BOWN ◽  
RACHEL McCULLOCH
Keyword(s):  
Developing Country ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Preferential Trade Agreements ◽  
Most Favored Nation ◽  
Preferential Trade ◽  
Safeguard Measures ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
Trading Partners

Most-favored-nation treatment, i.e., nondiscrimination among trading partners, is a fundamental principle of the GATT/WTO system. The WTO Agreement on Safeguards has thus been seen as encouraging use of a preferred form of contingent protection relative to antidumping and other inherently discriminatory measures. In practice, however, safeguard protection may also incorporate discriminatory elements. This paper focuses on three ways that policies conforming to the Agreement on Safeguards may nonetheless discriminate explicitly or implicitly among trading partners. First, the form of the safeguard policy matters: quantitative restrictions discriminate among foreign suppliers by preserving historical market shares more than a safeguard implemented as a tariff. Second, safeguard measures discriminate against faster-growing exporters and new entrants in import markets. Third, formal exemptions for partners in preferential trade agreements and for small developing-country suppliers allow these countries to gain market share at the expense of non-exempted exporters. We provide evidence of these discriminatory effects in actual cases of safeguard protection.

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