Global Organic Movement: Genesis and Prospects of Organic Agriculture in Recent Past

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhiravi Harmeet ◽  
Lokesh Jasrai
Keyword(s):  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Organic Movement

From Grassroots Movement to State-Coordinated Market Strategy: The Transformation of Organic Agriculture in China

10.1068/c2v ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Thiers
Keyword(s):  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Extreme Case ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Market Strategy ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
Developed Nations

The production, certification, and marketing of organic agriculture developed slowly in the West as a nongovernmental, community-based response to concerns over food safety and the environmental impacts of chemical agriculture. The current emergence of organic agriculture in less-developed nations is following a very different trajectory owing to the presence of an established global market for organic products and the developmental goals of interventionist states. In this paper I examine the emergence of state-sponsored organic marketing and certification programs in the Peoples' Republic of China as an extreme case of developmental state intervention in organic agriculture. I find that the predominance of state and market instead of community and ecology in the Chinese organic ‘movement’ has profound implications for the ability of organics to promote environmentally sustainable agriculture in less-developed nations. Direct state intervention may overcome some of the public-goods and collective-action problems often associated with organic agriculture. However, conflicts of interest between the state as regulator and as producer erode the consumer trust upon which organic markets rely. The use of political authority to organize organic production allows state entrepreneurs to capture market premiums, reducing farmer innovation and long-term incentive, and exacerbating free-rider problems. The case of organic agriculture in China demonstrates the need for caution when applying universalistic economic theories about environmental problems to diverse political economies. This has important implications for international environmental regimes as well as the globalization of eco-consumerism or eco-labeling strategies.

Philosophy of organic agriculture: background, history and modern concept

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Veronika T. Turchanova ◽  
Stanislav N. Nekrasov
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Background History

The purpose of the work is to reveal the concept of organic agriculture in a temporary aspect. Methodology and objects of the research are a comparative analysis of literary sources: the works of foreign and domestic scientists in the field of organic farming, foreign legislative acts, statistical data of FiBL and IFOAM. The result is the discovering of that the prerequisites for the emergence of organic production is the “green revolution”. Intensive farming led to the appearance of the opposite – organic movement. The authors considered the ideas of R. Steiner, A.T. Bolotov, V.I. Vernadsky, H. Muller, O. Mokiti, 4th Baron Northbourne, E. Balfour, A. Howard, R.L. Carson and M. Fukuoka. They laid foundation for the modern concept of organic farming. It includes four principles: health, ecology, justice, care. Authors of this article give a brief description of the state of organic agriculture in Russia and worldwide.

scholarly journals Potentials of Organic Agriculture in Nepal

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Datt Bhatta ◽  
Werner Doppler ◽  
Krishna Bahadur KC
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Family Income ◽  
External Input ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Niche Markets ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
Organic Vegetables ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Political Commitments

Increasing use of agro-chemicals, higher production cost and deteriorating ecosystem health have advocated the need to change traditional and external input use agriculture towards safe and sustainable organic production. Current research focuses on the constraints and opportunities of organic agriculture and consumers' awareness and willingness to pay more for organic vegetables by selecting producers from Lalitpur and Bhaktpur districts using spatial sampling and consumers from Kathmandu valley randomly. Data obtained from structured questionnaire were subjected to descriptive and econometric analysis and willingness to pay analysis. Most of the farmers interviewed are aware about the negative repercussion of the indiscriminate use of agro-chemicals. Organic vegetables are either home delivered and/or sold to the specialized niche markets. All domestic organic products reach to consumers without labeling. Most of the organic consumers are willing to pay eight rupees more for labeled organic vegetables. Currently organic farmers rely only on consumers' willingness to pay more to obtain a compensation for lower yields. Family income, education, profession etc are key attributes of the consumers shaping their decision to buy organic vegetables. Organic industry is too small and a long way to go in Nepal. Political commitments such as avoiding conflicting drive to maximize production, hammering proactive policy, initiating organic technology research, providing market incentives and institutionalization of Nepalese organic movement are imperative to further enhance organic sector in Nepal.  Key words: Awareness; Consumers; Marketing; Organic vegetables; Regression; Willingness to payThe Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:10, Jun.2009 Page: 14

scholarly journals Bio cash-cow? Context and content of Czech organic farming

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 45-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zagata
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Current Problem ◽  
Value Orientation ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Organic Movement

This work presents results of a qualitative empirical study on practices of farmers participating in the Czech system of organic agriculture (ecological agriculture). Growth of this sector has been seen almost solely in positive terms, without questioning its content. However, Czech organic agriculture does not stem from the organic movement as is the case in Western Europe and therefore it is necessary to ask what it draws on and to discover, with regard to its nature, whether it can meet the expectations stated in official policies. This paper briefly describes the development of organic farming in other countries and the current problem of its conventionalization. The research study then shows evidence that organic farming is not adopted only because of state’s subsidies, but also due to the specific value orientation of farmers, despite the history and the lack of tradition of these specific practices in the Czech Republic.

Non-Certified Organic Agriculture: An Opportunity for Resource-Poor Farmers?

2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Cáceres
Keyword(s):  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Resource Poor ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Certified Organic

Drawing upon a case study from Argentina, this paper focuses on social actors who cannot be formally included within the organic movement: non-certified organic farmers. Even when they grow, consume and sell organic products, they are unable to become certified organic farmers, mainly for economic reasons. This paper analyses the main features of this group and the socioeconomic significance and impact of their farming strategy on the livelihoods of resource-poor farmers.

scholarly journals Tensions in future development of organic production—views of stakeholders on Organic 3.0

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 509-519
Author(s):  
Rebecka Milestad ◽  
Elin Röös ◽  
Tove Stenius ◽  
Maria Wivstad
Keyword(s):  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
Organic 3.0

AbstractThis study analysed Swedish stakeholders’ views on future developments of organic production and consumption based on Organic 3.0, a strategic initiative by the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Focus group discussions were carried out with actors representing different parts of the organic value chain in Sweden. These identified a number of tensions, four of which represented an unresolved dichotomy in the way forward for the organic movement and its relevance for organic production in most settings. The first tension was between the drive for increased efficiency to achieve higher yields and an agroecological approach with broader sustainability values. The second concerned availability of plant nutrients in organic agriculture including safe recirculating of nutrients from society. The third tension set new technology against the precautionary principle and the notion of naturalness. The fourth concerned the role of organic as an innovation system; whether organic should be a forerunner, i.e. performing well above average and fostering innovation, or whether organic should be a broader movement including more farmers but then requiring more regulations that may hinder innovation. These tensions will result in important choices on direction for the organic sector as it pursues the Organic 3.0 goal of sustainably feeding a growing population based on farming systems based on organic principles.

A history of organic farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil to USDA National Organic Program

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Heckman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Organic Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
Social Environmental

The organic farming concept developed in the period prior to 1940 and was pioneered by Sir Albert Howard (1873–1947). Howard, born and educated in England, directed agricultural research centers in India (1905–1931) before permanently returning to England. His years of agricultural research experiences and observations gradually evolved into a philosophy and concept of organic farming that he espoused in several books. Howard's thinking on soil fertility and the need to effectively recycle waste materials, including sewage sludge, onto farmland was reinforced by F.H. King's book,Farmers of Forty Centuries. Howard developed a system of composting that became widely adopted. Howard's concept of soil fertility centered on building soil humus with an emphasis on how soil life was connected to the health of crops, livestock, and mankind. Howard argued that crop and animal health was a birthright and that the correct method of dealing with a pathogen was not to destroy the pathogen but to see what could be learned from it or to ‘make use of it for tuning up agricultural practice’. The system of agriculture advocated by Howard was coined ‘organic’ by Walter Northbourne to refer to a system ‘having a complex but necessary interrelationship of parts, similar to that in living things’. Lady Eve Balfour compared organic and non-organic farming and helped to popularize organic farming with the publication ofThe Living Soil. Jerome Rodale, a publisher and an early convert to organic farming, was instrumental in the diffusion and popularization of organic concepts in the US. Both Howard and Rodale saw organic and non-organic agriculture as a conflict between two different visions of what agriculture should become as they engaged in a war of words with the agricultural establishment. A productive dialogue failed to occur between the organic community and traditional agricultural scientists for several decades. Organic agriculture gained significant recognition and attention in 1980, marked by the USDA publicationReport and Recommendations on Organic Farming. The passage of the Federal Organic Foods Production Act in 1990 began the era of accommodation for organic farming in the USA, followed by another milestone with official labeling as USDA Certified Organic in 2002. Organic agriculture will likely continue to evolve in response to ongoing social, environmental, and philosophical concerns of the organic movement.

An Important Relationship between Tourism and Hospitality: A Questionnaire Based Survey on Local People, Kolkata, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Shriya Das Mahapatra ◽  
R. K. Patra
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Management ◽  
Local People ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Urban City ◽  
Important Relationship ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality Industry ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
Industry Relationship

It has already been known that recent past tourism depends consistently on hospitality. The present study was aiming to identify the tourism and hospitality industry relationship on the basis of annual income, duration and stay types, tenure of tour, an analysis based survey among local people of Kolkata, India. The survey was done through a questionnaire, which was assessed through random sampling of 200 residents of urban city. The results indicated that lower the income groups but highest duration of stay but tenure of tour may be more than twice per year. In conclusion, people of Kolkata fond of tour because of suitable hospitality management in the tourist spots. Therefore, tourism and hospitality has a close relationship to enhance growth for revenue generation, employment generation, etc.

City-region governance in transitional contexts: the case of the BRICS

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Philip Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Extended Period ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
City Region ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
City Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

Abstract The bulk of the scholarly literature on city-regions and their governance is drawn from contexts where economic and political systems have been stable over an extended period. However, many parts of the world, including all countries in the BRICS, have experienced far-reaching national transformations in the recent past in economic and/or political systems. The national transitions are complex, with a mix of continuity and rupture, while their translation into the scale of the city-region is often indirect. But, these transitions have been significant for the city-region, providing a period of opportunity and institutional fluidity. Studies of the BRICS show that outcomes of transitions are varied but that there are junctures of productive comparison including the ways in which the nature of the transitions create new path dependencies, and way in which interests across territorial scales soon consolidate, producing new rigidities in city-region governance.

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