Measuring the European Carbon Market Efficiency - A Quantitative Evaluation of Higher Order Dependence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Sattarhoff ◽  
Marc Gronwald
Keyword(s):  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Order Dependence

Collision Induced Microwave Absorption in N2, CH4, and N2–Ar, N2–CH4 Mixtures at 1.1 and 2.3 cm−1

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 821-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Dagg ◽  
G. E. Reesor ◽  
J. L. Urbaniak
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Absorption ◽  
Quadrupole Moment ◽  
Linear Dependence ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Induced Absorption ◽  
High Q ◽  
Order Dependence

Collision induced microwave absorption is reported in pure N2, N2–Ar, N2–CH4, mixtures, and in pure CH4 in the 35 and 70 GHz regions (1.1 and 2.3 cm−1) at a temperature of 22 °C. The measurements are accomplished using overmoded high Q cavities capable of pressurization of up to 5000 p.s.i.g. The apparatus and method are described. With the high sensitivity attained, the results in pure N2 from 30 → 250 amagat reveal terms in the square and cube of the density from which the relaxation times are calculated. The linear dependence on frequency of the collision induced absorption up to 2.3 cm−1 is established. Higher order dependence on the density is observed in the N2–Ar and N2–CH4 mixtures. Various estimates of the quadrupole moment of N2 are given, making use of earlier results in other frequency regions.

EXCHANGE BETWEEN THALLOUS AND THALLIC IONS IN THE PRESENCE OF SULPHATE ION

1958 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Wiles
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Reaction ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Transfer Mechanism ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
First Order ◽  
Order Dependence

The rates of the exchange reaction between thallous and thallic ions have been measured as a function of sulphate ion concentration, at constant acidity. At high sulphate concentrations, the results agree with those of Brubaker and Mickel, indicating second- and higher-order dependence of the rate on sulphate ion concentration. At low sulphate concentrations, pure first-order dependence on sulphate is found. The inhibitive effect found in some systems is absent. A bridge-transfer mechanism is suggested.

Stability of lipid membranes

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 1144-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikhil Walani ◽  
Ashutosh Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Equilibrium State ◽  
Stability Criterion ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Order Dependence ◽  
Curvature Invariants ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Biological Structures ◽  
Curvature Elasticity ◽  
Spatially Varying

Lipid membranes are versatile biological structures that undergo significant structural remodelling, often triggered by instabilities. Since they invariably possess heterogeneous properties, owing to the presence of multiple lipid species and their interactions with proteins, heterogeneity can have a significant impact on their equilibrium state and stability. In this work, we use curvature elasticity to derive the generalized stability criterion for heterogeneous lipid membranes. Our formulation entertains strain energies that go beyond the Helfrich energy and exhibit higher-order dependence on curvature invariants or spatially varying properties.

Maneuverability of Impedance-Controlled Motion in a Human-Robot Cooperative Task System

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 746-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Tsumugiwa ◽  
Yoshiki Takeuchi ◽  
Ryuichi Yokogawa ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Evaluation ◽  
Impedance Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Human Motion ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Human Robot Interaction ◽  
Robot Motion ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
The Relationship

This paper presents an evaluation of the maneuverability of impedance-controlled robot motion during a human-robot cooperative positioning task. The objectives of this study are to reveal the results of a quantitative evaluation of the maneuverability of robot motion and to investigate the relationship between the results of the quantitative evaluation and an operator’s higher-order brain activity. Control strategies for the robot that are adequate for human-robot interaction have not yet been explicitly determined because of the difficulty in evaluating the maneuverability of robot motion. First, we analyzed the time normalized position and force/torque trajectories to reveal the characteristics of human motion and performed subjective evaluations for three types of impedance-controlled robot motion, which were controlled using the following strategies: (i) ordinary impedance control, (ii) impedance control with virtual Coulomb friction involved in the robot motion, and (iii) impedance control with a trajectory guidance force. Second, to confirm the analysis results based on the observed trajectories, we investigated differences in the operator’s higher-order brain activity when using the different control strategies by using a functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. The experimental results confirmed the relationship between the analysis results of the control strategies, the motion of the operator, and higher-order brain activity. Consequently, the investigation conducted in this study is effective for evaluating the maneuverability of robot motion during a human-robot cooperative task.

scholarly journals Local structure graph models with higher‐order dependence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily M. Casleton ◽  
Daniel J. Nordman ◽  
Mark S. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Local Structure ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Graph Models ◽  
Order Dependence ◽  
Structure Graph

scholarly journals Visible and Invisible Forces. What Drives the Intensity of Trading in the European Carbon Market?

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-144
Author(s):  
Iordanis Kalaitzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
Market Efficiency ◽  
Carbon Market ◽  
Futures Contracts ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Regulatory Changes ◽  
European Climate ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unobservable Factors

This study models the trading intensity in European Allowances (EUA) futures contracts, in the European Climate Exchange (ECX) using various specifications and investigates the forecasting ability of observable versus unobservable factors. This set up tests empirically the impact of the evolving market structure through regulatory updates and the contribution of the different market participants to the intensity of trading in the European Carbon market. The findings suggest that observable market characteristics capture better the dynamics of trading intensity than their latent counterparts, which implies that regulatory changes that enhance transparency would also improve market efficiency.

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