Rapid Repeat Infection of SARS-CoV-2 by Two Highly Distinct Delta-Sub-Lineage Viruses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Gorzalski ◽  
Christina Boyles ◽  
Victoria Sepcic ◽  
Subhash Verma ◽  
Joel Sevinsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeat Infection

scholarly journals Pathogens Associated With Repeat Versus Single Central-Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections, Acute-Care Hospitals, NHSN

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s343-s344
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Dudeck ◽  
Katherine Allen-Bridson ◽  
Jonathan R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Acute Care ◽  
National Level ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Acute Care Hospitals ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Healthcare Associated Infections ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Repeat Infection ◽  
Single Versus

Background: The NHSN is the nation’s largest surveillance system for healthcare-associated infections. Since 2011, acute-care hospitals (ACHs) have been required to report intensive care unit (ICU) central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) to the NHSN pursuant to CMS requirements. In 2015, this requirement included general medical, surgical, and medical-surgical wards. Also in 2015, the NHSN implemented a repeat infection timeframe (RIT) that required repeat CLABSIs, in the same patient and admission, to be excluded if onset was within 14 days. This analysis is the first at the national level to describe repeat CLABSIs. Methods: Index CLABSIs reported in ACH ICUs and select wards during 2015–2108 were included, in addition to repeat CLABSIs occurring at any location during the same period. CLABSIs were stratified into 2 groups: single and repeat CLABSIs. The repeat CLABSI group included the index CLABSI and subsequent CLABSI(s) reported for the same patient. Up to 5 CLABSIs were included for a single patient. Pathogen analyses were limited to the first pathogen reported for each CLABSI, which is considered to be the most important cause of the event. Likelihood ratio χ2 tests were used to determine differences in proportions. Results: Of the 70,214 CLABSIs reported, 5,983 (8.5%) were repeat CLABSIs. Of 3,264 nonindex CLABSIs, 425 (13%) were identified in non-ICU or non-select ward locations. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen in both the single and repeat CLABSI groups (14.2% and 12%, respectively) (Fig. 1). Compared to all other pathogens, CLABSIs reported with Candida spp were less likely in a repeat CLABSI event than in a single CLABSI event (P < .0001). Insertion-related organisms were more likely to be associated with single CLABSIs than repeat CLABSIs (P < .0001) (Fig. 2). Alternatively, Enterococcus spp or Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. oxytoca were more likely to be associated with repeat CLABSIs than single CLABSIs (P < .0001). Conclusions: This analysis highlights differences in the aggregate pathogen distributions comparing single versus repeat CLABSIs. Assessing the pathogens associated with repeat CLABSIs may offer another way to assess the success of CLABSI prevention efforts (eg, clean insertion practices). Pathogens such as Enterococcus spp and Klebsiella spp demonstrate a greater association with repeat CLABSIs. Thus, instituting prevention efforts focused on these organisms may warrant greater attention and could impact the likelihood of repeat CLABSIs. Additional analysis of patient-specific pathogens identified in the repeat CLABSI group may yield further clarification.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals Repeat infection with Chlamydia trachomatis: a prospective cohort study from an STI-clinic in Stockholm

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Edgardh ◽  
Sharon Kühlmann-Berenzon ◽  
Maria Grünewald ◽  
Maria Rotzen-Östlund ◽  
Ivar Qvarnström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Prospective Cohort Study ◽  
Prospective Cohort ◽  
Repeat Infection

scholarly journals Direct observation of repeated infections with endemic coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Galanti ◽  
Jeffrey Shaman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Immune Memory ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Repeated Infections ◽  
Repeat Infection

AbstractBackgroundWhile the mechanisms of adaptive immunity to pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 are still unknown, the immune response to the widespread endemic coronaviruses HKU1, 229E, NL63 and OC43 provide a useful reference for understanding repeat infection risk.MethodsHere we used data from proactive sampling carried out in New York City from fall 2016 to spring 2018. We combined weekly nasal swab collection with self-reports of respiratory symptoms from 191 participants to investigate the profile of recurring infections with endemic coronaviruses.ResultsDuring the study, 12 individuals tested positive multiple times for the same coronavirus. We found no significant difference between the probability of testing positive at least once and the probability of a recurrence for the beta-coronaviruses HKU1 and OC43 at 34 weeks after enrollment/first infection. We also found no significant association between repeat infections and symptom severity but strong association between symptom severity and belonging to the same family.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that re-infections with the same endemic coronavirus are not atypical in a time window shorter than 1 year and that the genetic basis of innate immune response may be a greater determinant of infection severity than immune memory acquired after a previous infection.

Impact of Repeat Infection Timeframe on CLABSI Surveillance

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. S14
Author(s):  
Katie Williams ◽  
Lauren Farrell ◽  
Kevin McNally ◽  
Sara Townsend ◽  
Sarah Smathers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeat Infection

scholarly journals Microbiology of Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients with Multiple Episodes

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 316-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon J. Nessim ◽  
Rosane Nisenbaum ◽  
Joanne M. Bargman ◽  
Sarbjit V. Jassal
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Infections ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Subsequent Episode ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Repeat Infection ◽  
Multiple Episodes

BackgroundPeritoneal dialysis (PD)–associated peritonitis clusters within patients. Patient factors contribute to peritonitis risk, but there is also entrapment of organisms within the biofilm that forms on PD catheters. It is hypothesized that this biofilm may prevent complete eradication of organisms, predisposing to multiple infections with the same organism.MethodsUsing data collected in the Canadian multi-center Baxter POET (Peritonitis, Organism, Exit sites, Tunnel infections) database from 1996 to 2005, we studied incident PD patients with 2 or more peritonitis episodes. We determined the proportion of patients with 2 or more episodes caused by the same organism. In addition, using a multivariate logistic regression model, we tested whether prior peritonitis with a given organism predicted the occurrence of a subsequent episode with the same organism.ResultsDuring their time on PD, 558 patients experienced 2 or more peritonitis episodes. Of those 558 patients, 181 (32%) had at least 2 episodes with the same organism. The organism most commonly causing repeat infection was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CNS), accounting for 65.7% of cases. Compared with peritonitis caused by other organisms, a first CNS peritonitis episode was associated with an increased risk of subsequent CNS peritonitis within 1 year (odds ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 2.8; p < 0.001). Among patients with repeat CNS peritonitis, 48% of repeat episodes occurred within 6 months of the earlier episode.ConclusionsIn contrast to previous data, we did not find a high proportion of patients with multiple peritonitis episodes caused by the same organism. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus was the organism most likely to cause peritonitis more than once in a given patient, and a prior CNS peritonitis was associated with an increased risk of CNS peritonitis within the subsequent year.

scholarly journals Patient-Delivered Partner Treatment and Trichomonas vaginalis Repeat Infection Among HIV-Infected Women

2010 ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Gatski ◽  
Leandro Mena ◽  
Judy Levison ◽  
Rebecca A. Clark ◽  
Harold Henderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Repeat Infection

scholarly journals High Post-infection Protection after COVID-19 Among Healthcare Workers: A Population-Level Observational Study Regarding SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection, Reactivation, and Re-positivity and its Severity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golnar Sabetian ◽  
Sepehr Shahriarirad ◽  
Mohsen Moghadami ◽  
Naeimehossadat Asmarian ◽  
Reza Shahriarirad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Population Level ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
Repeat Infection

Abstract Introduction: Even though over a year has passed since the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, our information regarding certain aspects of the disease, such as post-infection immunity is still very limited. This study aimed to evaluate post-infection protection and COVID-19 features among healthcare workers (HCWs), during three subsequent surges.Method: The study population consisted of all HCWs in either public or private hospitals in Fars province, Southern Iran from 20 April 2020 up to 20th February 2021. We calculated the rate of infection as the number of individuals with positive PCR tests divided by the cumulative number of person-days at risk. Poisson regression was utilized to calculate the adjusted rate ratio and estimated protection. Results: During the study period, a total of 30,546 PCR tests were performed among HCWs, of which 13,749 HCWs were positive. Among a total of 141 diagnosed cases who experienced a second episode of COVID-19, 44 (31.2%) cases of reactivation and relapse, and 97 (68.8% of infected and 1.81% of total HCWs) cases of reinfection was observed. The daily rate of infection was 4.72 for previously infected HCWs, while 2.20 for HCWs without previous infection. The estimated protection against repeat infection after a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was 94.8% (95% CI: 93.6-95.7).Conclusion: Re-positivity, relapse, and reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 are quite rare in the population of HCWs. Also, after a first episode of infection, estimated protection of 94.8% was achieved against repeat infections.

scholarly journals Repeat infection with SARS COV-2, a worrisome situation: report of two cases from India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1512
Author(s):  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Garima Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
Repeat Infection

Number of COVID cases and mortalities are still growing globally. There is no single treatment method found effective in reducing the disease severity. Several vaccines have been developed recently and most of them are under clinical trial only.  Availability of an effective vaccine and its use at the community level is the only hope left with us. However, the emergence of re-infective cases from various part of the world has put a big question on the ongoing vaccination research and its use. Most of these re-infection cases reported were not studied for viral genome, different mutated virus causing repeat infection have been isolated in few reports only. In these situations, either a newer vaccine has to be developed every time for a new mutated virus or the multiple doses of the vaccine have to be administered if same strain of the virus is causing the re-infection. We report two cases from India who acquired repeat SARS COV 2 infection, adding up the much-required information in the current scenario.

scholarly journals Infection with Plasmodium berghei Boosts Antibody Responses Primed by a DNA Vaccine Encoding Gametocyte Antigen Pbs48/45

2006 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 2043-2051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Haddad ◽  
Jorge Maciel ◽  
Nirbhay Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Plasmodium Berghei ◽  
Malaria Vaccine ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Additional Control ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Repeat Infection

ABSTRACT An important consideration in the development of a malaria vaccine for individuals living in areas of endemicity is whether vaccine-elicited immune responses can be boosted by natural infection. To investigate this question, we used Plasmodium berghei ANKA blood-stage parasites for the infection of mice that were previously immunized with a DNA vaccine encoding the P. berghei sexual-stage antigen Pbs48/45. Intramuscular immunization in mice with one or two doses of DNA-Pbs48/45 or of empty DNA vaccine as control did not elicit detectable anti-Pbs48/45 antibodies as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An infection with P. berghei ANKA 6 weeks after DNA vaccination elicited comparable anti-Pbs48/45 antibody levels in mice which had been primed with DNA-Pbs48/45 or with empty DNA vaccine. However, a repeat infection with P. berghei ANKA resulted in significantly higher anti-Pbs48/45 antibody levels in mice which had been primed with the DNA-Pbs48/45 vaccine than the levels in the mock DNA-vaccinated mice. In parallel and as an additional control to distinguish the boosting of Pbs48/45 antibodies exclusively by gametocytes during infection, a separate group of mice primed with DNA-Pbs48/45 received an infection with P. berghei ANKA clone 2.33, which was previously described as a “nongametocyte producer.” To our surprise, this parasite clone too elicited antibody levels comparable to those induced by the P. berghei gametocyte producer clone. We further demonstrate that the nongametocyte producer P. berghei clone is in fact a defective gametocyte producer that expresses Pbs48/45, much like the gametocyte producer clone, and is therefore capable of boosting antibody levels to Pbs48/45. Taken together, these results indicate that vaccine-primed antibodies can be boosted during repeat infections and warrant further investigation with additional malaria antigens.

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