State Diplomatic Protection for Citizens With Dual Nationality (Case Study of Nnamdi Kanu, Nigerian and British National)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oshoma Aduku
Keyword(s):  
Diplomatic Protection ◽  
Dual Nationality

Dual nationality revisited: a modern approach to dual nationals in non-ICSID arbitrations

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-148
Author(s):  
Stavros Michalopoulos ◽  
Edward Hicks
Keyword(s):  
Vienna Convention ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
Investment Treaty ◽  
Investment Arbitration ◽  
Diplomatic Protection ◽  
Dual Nationality ◽  
Holistic Interpretation ◽  
Vexed Question ◽  
Investment Treaty Arbitration

Abstract The authors revisit the vexed question of the standing of investors to bring a claim against one of their states of origin. Contrary to Article 25 of the Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (ICSID Convention), which forbids natural persons in possession of the nationality of the host state to initiate proceedings against it, the majority of other arbitration rules do not provide for such a prohibition. Consequently, unlike the realm of diplomatic protection, where the question seems settled, there is little guidance in the treaty-based field of investment arbitration on the probable scenario of a dual national suing one of its states of nationality in a non-ICSID arbitration context. Some tribunals have resorted to traditional principles to deny investment protection to dual nationals, whereas recent awards have been considerably more lenient. This article will demonstrate that, given the fundamental differences between investment treaty arbitration and diplomatic protection, the application by analogy of doctrinal formulations of the former to the latter is not warranted. Instead, a holistic interpretation in accordance with Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties should be the primary point of focus of international tribunals, taking into account the object and purpose of the treaty and comparable treaty practice.

Dual Citizenship in De Facto States: Comparative Case Study of Abkhazia and Transnistria

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-192
Author(s):  
Ramesh Ganohariti
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Systems Design ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Preferential Treatment ◽  
Dual Citizenship ◽  
Diplomatic Protection ◽  
Citizenship Regimes ◽  
Citizenship Laws

AbstractThe contested nature of de facto states and their acceptance of dual citizenship results in the overlap of multiple citizenship regimes, leading to individuals living in de facto states possessing multiple citizenship statuses. Using the Most Similar Systems Design, this article explores the factors that influence the (divergent) citizenship regimes of Abkhazia and Transnistria; the former allows dual citizenship only with Russia, while the latter places no restrictions. The primary reason for the adoption of dual citizenship is for pragmatic reasons, as the secondary citizenship can compensate for the lack of benefits (such as international travel, diplomatic protection) afforded by the de facto state’s citizenship. This said, having an ethnicized national identity, in contrast to a civic (state-centered) national identity, can produce (dual) citizenship laws that give preferential treatment to the titular group and its diaspora. Additionally, the influence exerted by the patron state (Russia) and the severity of the conflict with the parent state (Georgia/Moldova) influences dual citizenship in becoming conditional and thus more exclusive.

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

Culture and the plasticity of perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lifshitz ◽  
T. M. Luhrmann
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Context ◽  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Cultural Learning ◽  
The World

Abstract Culture shapes our basic sensory experience of the world. This is particularly striking in the study of religion and psychosis, where we and others have shown that cultural context determines both the structure and content of hallucination-like events. The cultural shaping of hallucinations may provide a rich case-study for linking cultural learning with emerging prediction-based models of perception.

Dual systems for all: Higher-order, role-based relational reasoning as a uniquely derived feature of human cognition

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Povinelli ◽  
Gabrielle C. Glorioso ◽  
Shannon L. Kuznar ◽  
Mateja Pavlic
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Reasoning ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Dual Systems ◽  
First Order ◽  
Reasoning System ◽  
Role Based

Abstract Hoerl and McCormack demonstrate that although animals possess a sophisticated temporal updating system, there is no evidence that they also possess a temporal reasoning system. This important case study is directly related to the broader claim that although animals are manifestly capable of first-order (perceptually-based) relational reasoning, they lack the capacity for higher-order, role-based relational reasoning. We argue this distinction applies to all domains of cognition.

Sociocultural memory development research drives new directions in gadgetry science

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penny Van Bergen ◽  
John Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Memory Development ◽  
Development Research ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Cross Cultural Research

Abstract Sociocultural developmental psychology can drive new directions in gadgetry science. We use autobiographical memory, a compound capacity incorporating episodic memory, as a case study. Autobiographical memory emerges late in development, supported by interactions with parents. Intervention research highlights the causal influence of these interactions, whereas cross-cultural research demonstrates culturally determined diversity. Different patterns of inheritance are discussed.

Construction of plastic contact deformation maps on ceramics: a case study on aluminum nitride

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
D. L. Callahan
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Aluminum Nitride ◽  
Mechanical Response ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Bright Field Image ◽  
Perfectly Plastic ◽  
Contrast Analysis ◽  
Deformation Patterns

Modern polishing, precision machining and microindentation techniques allow the processing and mechanical characterization of ceramics at nanometric scales and within entirely plastic deformation regimes. The mechanical response of most ceramics to such highly constrained contact is not predictable from macroscopic properties and the microstructural deformation patterns have proven difficult to characterize by the application of any individual technique. In this study, TEM techniques of contrast analysis and CBED are combined with stereographic analysis to construct a three-dimensional microstructure deformation map of the surface of a perfectly plastic microindentation on macroscopically brittle aluminum nitride.The bright field image in Figure 1 shows a lg Vickers microindentation contained within a single AlN grain far from any boundaries. High densities of dislocations are evident, particularly near facet edges but are not individually resolvable. The prominent bend contours also indicate the severity of plastic deformation. Figure 2 is a selected area diffraction pattern covering the entire indentation area.

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