Distinction between the Direct Evidence and Circumstantial Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archismaan Tyagi ◽  
Mehu Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence

1. Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Andrew L-T Choo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Human Rights Act ◽  
Human Rights Act 1998 ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Of Evidence

Chapter 1 examines a number of basic concepts and distinctions in the law of evidence. It covers facts in issue and collateral facts; relevance, admissibility, and weight; direct evidence and circumstantial evidence; testimonial evidence and real evidence; the allocation of responsibility; exclusionary rules and exclusionary discretions; free(r) proof; issues in criminal evidence; civil evidence and criminal evidence; the implications of trial by jury; summary trials; law reform; and the implications of the Human Rights Act 1998. This chapter also presents an overview of the subsequent chapters.

1. Introduction

Evidence ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L-T Choo
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Human Rights Act ◽  
Human Rights Act 1998 ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
The Law ◽  
Law Of Evidence

Chapter 1 examines a number of basic concepts and distinctions in the law of evidence. It covers facts in issue and collateral facts; relevance, admissibility, and weight; direct evidence and circumstantial evidence; testimonial evidence and real evidence; the allocation of responsibility; exclusionary rules and exclusionary discretions; free(r) proof; issues in criminal evidence; civil evidence and criminal evidence; the implications of trial by jury; summary trials; law reform; and the implications of the Human Rights Act 1998. This chapter also presents an overview of the subsequent chapters.

scholarly journals Ultrastructural immunolocalization of kallikrein in apical granules of striated duct cells of cat submandibular gland.

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Schachter ◽  
G D Wheeler ◽  
R W Matthews ◽  
M W Peret ◽  
C Moriwaki
Keyword(s):  
Serine Protease ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Duct Cells

Recent studies on the localization of the serine protease salivary kallikrein have led to the conclusion that it has a ductal localization and to the possibility that it is located there in small "secretory" granules. Until now, the latter inference has been based entirely on circumstantial evidence. In the present study, however, direct evidence from immunolocalization studies at the ultrastructural level establishes the localization of this enzyme in the apical duct granules in the cat submandibular gland. These granules stained only with immune sera to cat submandibular gland kallikrein and were the only subcellular structures that did so. They showed the "studded" appearance characteristic of the electron-dense aggregates of peroxidase-antiperoxidase seen in this type of immune reaction.

scholarly journals Hak Atas Memperoleh Kepastian Hukum dalam Perspektif Persaingan Usaha Melalui Telaah Bukti Tidak Langsung

Jurnal HAM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 255
Author(s):  
Miftahul Huda
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence

Hak untuk memperoleh kepastian hukum yang sama telah ditegaskan dalam Pasal 28D ayat (1) UUD NRI 1945. Namun, dalam pelaksanaan hak untuk memperoleh kepastian hukum yang adil masih tidak dilaksanakan dalam aspek penanganan persaingan usaha. Dewasa ini, perkembangan alat bukti tidak terbatas pada direct evidence atau alat bukti langsung sebagaimana serangkaian alat bukti yang diakui dalam peraturan perundang-undangan. Bebarapa negara seperti Amerika dan Inggris mulai dikenal alat bukti tidak langsung (circumstantial evidence) yang sudah merupakan praktik yang lazim dipergunakan dalam penegakan hukum persaingan di berbagai negara dalam menangani perkara persaingan usaha. Namun nasib dari jenis alat bukti ini masih belum jelas dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berimplikasi pada putusan hakim (KPPU hingga MA). Dampaknya, tidak ada konsistensi terkait pengakuan bukti tidak langsung (circumstanstial evidence). Melalui metode penelitian yuridis normatif, peneliti fokus terhadap tema persaingan usaha. Harapan penulis, tulisan ini mampu memperkuat dan memperjelas konsistensi atas pemenuhan hak memperoleh kepastian hukum ini, maka diperlukan kajian atas peluang dan posisi bukti tidak langsung dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dan putusan hakim yang membahas tentang perkara persaingan usaha.

scholarly journals LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE USE OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THEORY: STUDY OF THE SUPREME COURT DECISION NUMBER 777/Pid.B/2016/ PN JAKARTA PUSAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Cahya Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Proof Theory ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Evidence Theory ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Supreme Court Decision ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Valid Evidence ◽  
Legal Arguments

<p>As the provisions of Article 183 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the system or theory of proof embraced in Indonesia is a negative evidentiary system of law which, in the case of proof, is based on the evidences established in the law which may provide the judge's confidence. Based on the above matter, the existence of Decision <em>Number 777 / Pid.b / 2016 / PN Jakarta Pusat</em> is important to be studied in the judgment. The judge gives the verdict by using circumstantial evidence proof theory. The case was decided entirely using indirect evidence because there was no eye witness or other direct evidence that could prove the indictment. The discussion was conducted using qualitative approach with normative juridical method. Circumstantial evidence is new among practitioners, legal arguments from experts are needed to sharpen the analysis. The juridical review of the use of circumstantial evidence is divided into two categories that are recognized by the <em>KUHAP</em> and which are not recognized. Circumstantial evidence can be a solution for judges in verifying cases that are considered difficult. In a law-based State, the use of circumstantial evidence theory requires the regulation of valid evidence in accordance with the current development of cases.</p>

The occurrence of rabies in pre-Columbian Central America: an historical search

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
pp. 1445-1452 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. VOS ◽  
C. NUNAN ◽  
D. BOLLES ◽  
T. MÜLLER ◽  
A. R. FOOKS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Central America ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Bat Rabies

SUMMARYRabies is considered one of the oldest infectious diseases known to humans. However, the first written reports on rabies cases in the Americas did not appear until the first decade of the 18th century from Mexico. In an attempt to clarify if the disease was already present in pre-Columbian times, we searched for evidence in the Maya and Aztec cultures. Other sources of information were early manuscripts written by the conquistadors and early explorers. We did not identify any unequivocal direct evidence that the disease rabies was known in pre-Columbian Central America but sufficient circumstantial evidence is available suggesting that (bat) rabies was already present in these early times.

scholarly journals THE POSITION OF INDIRECT EVIDENCE AS VERIFICATION TOOLS IN THE CARTEL CASE

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Veri Antoni
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Economic Evidence ◽  
Antimonopoly Law ◽  
Criminal Procedure Law ◽  
Verification Tools

Indirect (circumstantial) evidence, either economic evidence or communication evidence, has been used in cartel cases in many countries such as United States of America, Japan, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, and others. According to Indonesia criminal procedure law, the position of indirect (circumstantial) evidence is categorized as an indication (clue evidence) whereas according to Indonesia civil procedure law, indirect (circumstantial) evidence is categorized as presumption. Considering the characteristics the antimonopoly law which aims to find material truth, the position of indirect evidence is more properly said to be an indication. Owing to its status as an indication, indirect evidence should be exhibited together with the other direct evidence. Indirect evidenceatau bukti tidak langsung, baik bukti ekonomi atau bukti komunikasi, telah digunakan dalam kasus-kasus kartel di banyak negara, seperti Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Australia, Brazil, Malaysia, dan lain-lain. Menurut hukum acara pidana Indonesia, posisi bukti tidak langsung dikategorikan sebagai indikasi (bukti petunjuk), padahal menurut hukum acara perdata Indonesia, bukti tidak langsung dikategorikan sebagai praduga. Mengingat karakteristik hukum anti-monopoli yang bertujuan untuk mencari kebenaran materiil, posisi bukti tidak langsung lebih tepat dikatakan indikasi. Karena statusnya sebagai indikasi, bukti tidak langsung harus dipamerkan bersama dengan bukti langsung lainnya.

A Prologue and an Epilogue for Nicholas Rowe's Tamerlane by Richard Steele

PMLA ◽  
1932 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 772-776
Author(s):  
Rae Blanchard
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Richard Steele ◽  
Scanty Information ◽  
Made In ◽  
A Performance

Among the P. A. Taylor papers in the British Museum, there is a small manuscript verse-book which contains poems written or collected by William Taylor “of South Weald.” In this book are a prologue and an epilogue for Tamerlane, ascribed to Sir Richard Steele. No comment is made in the manuscript as to the circumstances under which they were written; but it is clear that they were meant for a performance of Rowe's play by schoolboys. These poems are not to be found in the printed works of Steele. There is no allusion to them in his letters, and they are not mentioned in the Steele tradition as recorded by John Nichols, his eighteenth-century editor, or by G. A. Aitken, his biographer. But even in the absence of any direct evidence of their authenticity, we can be reasonably sure not only that they are from Steele's pen but that they were written, probably in the early 1720's, for use at Dr. Newcome's School in Clapton, Hackney. Circumstantial evidence leading to this conclusion is to be found in the contents of the verse-book and of other manuscripts among the Taylor papers; in the somewhat scanty information we have of William Taylor's interests and friends; and also, of course, in Steele's pursuits.

scholarly journals Direct evidence that KNDy neurons maintain gonadotropin pulses and folliculogenesis as the GnRH pulse generator

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (5) ◽  
pp. e2009156118
Author(s):  
Mayuko Nagae ◽  
Yoshihisa Uenoyama ◽  
Saki Okamoto ◽  
Hitomi Tsuchida ◽  
Kana Ikegami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Pulse Generator ◽  
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Infertile Women ◽  
Gonadotropin Release ◽  
Kndy Neurons

The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse is fundamental for mammalian reproduction: GnRH pulse regimens are needed as therapies for infertile women as continuous GnRH treatment paradoxically inhibits gonadotropin release. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the hypothalamic arcuate KNDy neurons expressing kisspeptin (encoded by Kiss1), neurokinin B (encoded by Tac3), and dynorphin A serve as a GnRH pulse generator; however, no direct evidence is currently available. Here, we show that rescuing >20% KNDy neurons by transfecting Kiss1 inside arcuate Tac3 neurons, but not outside of these neurons, recovered folliculogenesis and luteinizing hormone (LH) pulses, an indicator of GnRH pulses, in female global Kiss1 knockout (KO) rats and that >90% conditional arcuate Kiss1 KO in newly generated Kiss1-floxed rats completely suppressed LH pulses. These results first provide direct evidence that KNDy neurons are the GnRH pulse generator, and at least 20% of KNDy neurons are sufficient to maintain folliculogenesis via generating GnRH/gonadotropin pulses.

Part III Presumptions and Inferences, 6 Evidentiary Presumptions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourgens Frédéric Gilles ◽  
Duggal Kabir ◽  
Laird Ian A
Keyword(s):  
Direct Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Court Proceedings

This chapter considers presumptions, which serve as an efficiency or prudential function in court proceedings. Tribunals can make findings of fact by reference to presumptions. The use of presumptions means that the tribunal makes a determination of fact that is not premised upon direct evidence or project-specific circumstantial evidence. The tribunal instead is convinced of the truth of a fact premised upon the proof of relevant general surrounding circumstances. The use of presumptions is ubiquitous in investor-state arbitrations, as it is in other domestic and international disputes, because the predicate of a legal claim typically is the asserted deviation by one or both the parties of relevant general practices or expected background circumstances by the other.

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