Sentencing Manslaughter involving Multiple Offenders and Victims: The Challenge of Calibrating Culpability

Pattern and routine activities theories suggest that through a combination of decisions and innate understandings of environmental cues, likely offenders are able to separate good criminal opportunities from bad risks. The nature of this process is highly structured and allows researchers to anticipate likely concentrations for a variety of regular, daily activities, including criminal offences. This chapter sets out to model and test these theoretical principles. Mastermind represents an interdisciplinary research project in computational criminology jointly managed by ICURS and the Software Technology Lab at Simon Fraser University. Using the abstract state machine (ASM) formalism in combination with a multiagent based modeling paradigm, we devise a formal framework for semantic modeling and systematic integration of the theories for crime analysis and understanding crime patterns. We focus on crime in urban areas and model spatial and temporal aspects of crime potentially involving multiple offenders and multiple targets. Mastermind is used in a hypothetical analysis of motor vehicle theft.

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Toward a Theoretical and Practical Model for Multiple-Offense Sentencing

10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Natalia Vibla

Keyword(s):

Considerable Degree ◽

Living Standard ◽

Standard Analysis ◽

Practical Model ◽

Criminal Conduct ◽

Multiple Offenders ◽

The Way

This chapter examines the conflicting positions regarding the sentencing of multiple offenders and proposes a theoretical and practical model for multiple-offense sentencing within the framework of desert theory. It begins with a discussion of desert theory and its two major dimensions of offense seriousness: the harm caused and the culpability of the offender. It then describes several sentencing practices in an attempt to better understand the way that bulk discounts operate. It also explores a number of normative propositions that support the concept of a discount in multiple-offense sentencing, focusing on the absence of normative breaks and overall proportionality based on living standard analysis. Finally, it considers two empirically derived propositions: first, that there is a considerable degree of connectedness between the offenses comprising a multiple-offense case, and second, that there is a continuum in criminal conduct.

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Multiple Offenders and the Question of Desert

10.1093/oso/9780190607609.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Youngjae Lee

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Multiple Offenders

This chapter advances the proposition that while multiple offenders are more culpable than single-crime offenders and should thus be treated differently, multiple offenders should not be punished to such an extent that the state ends up treating an offender who has committed multiple offenses more harshly or in the same way as those who have committed more serious offenses, given the message each punishment communicates about the character defects about the recipient of the punishment. Following this principle would likely result in a presumption in favor of concurrent sentencing or at least “bulk discounts,” where even if an offender is guilty of committing multiple offenses, the punishment for each additional offense is smaller than that for the first offense. This chapter further argues that the practice of bulk discounts for multiple offenders is consistent with the practice of imposing the recidivist premium on those who, after having been convicted and punished, continue to reoffend.

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Typical profiles of multiple DWI indivisuals on MMPI-2

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2353 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 33 (S1) ◽

pp. S627-S627

Author(s):

I.H. Shim ◽

W.S. Woo ◽

H.J. Seo ◽

D.I. Jon ◽

Y.J. Kwon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alcohol Use ◽

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory ◽

Alcohol Intoxication ◽

Emotional Adjustment ◽

Alcohol Use Disorders ◽

Heavy Drinking ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

High Risk Group ◽

Competing Interest ◽

Multiple Offenders

IntroductionAlcohol intoxication is often involved in the commission of criminal behaviors that are risky and involve personal confrontation. Individuals who reported having three or more drinks before driving exhibited greater impulsivity when under the influence of alcohol than did those who did not report heavy drinking before driving.ObjectivesThe present study utilized the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) to compare the characteristics of individuals with a single driving while intoxicated (DWI) offense with individuals who were multiple DWI offenders and to identify whether there was a typical profile for multiple offenders.MethodsThe charts of patients were examined in terms of demographic characteristics including age, sex, employment, and education; the MMPI scores of the two groups were compared using an independent t-test, and we identified the typical profile of multiple DWI offenders by using hierarchical cluster analysis with Ward's method.ResultsScores on the F and the depression (D) scales of the MMPI-2 were significantly higher among multiple offenders than among first offenders. The multiple offenders-I group obtained relatively high scores on the D and psychopathic deviate (Pd) scales, and the multiple offenders-II group had low scores on both the hypomania (Ma) and social introversion (Si) scales. Thus, some multiple offenders may have poorer emotional adjustment, characterized by tendencies toward psychopathic deviance, mania, and depression, as well as psychopathological characteristics associated with patients with alcohol-use disorders.ConclusionThe present findings suggest that multiple offenders should be considered a high-risk group for alcohol-use disorders and recurrent drunken driving.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Retractions among Indian Scientific Authors: Multiple Offenders

10.21203/rs.3.rs-28552/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

B Elango ◽

Marcin Kozak

Keyword(s):

Scientific Misconduct ◽

The Other ◽

Collaboration Networks ◽

Retracted Article ◽

Scopus Database ◽

Multiple Offenders ◽

Do So

Abstract The study identifies repeated offenders of scientific misconduct among authors affiliated to Indian institutions. To do so, we searched the SCOPUS database for retraction notices of articles written or co-written by such authors. Among them, we identified those who authored or co-authored more than one retracted article. The number of such authors is worrying: About one in ten authors whose at least one article was retracted had more than one retracted publication. Among these multiple offenders, we detected two collaboration networks, linked to two institutions. The retraction notices for one group were mainly due to plagiarism while for the other mainly due to self-plagiarism.

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