scholarly journals The Cost of Public Funding with Direct and Indirect Taxation - a Revisit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjart Holtsmark ◽  
Katinka Kristine Holtsmark
Keyword(s):  
Public Funding ◽  
Indirect Taxation ◽  
The Cost

Cost of dementia and the relationship between stage of dementia and cost of care in Greece

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Evangelos Tsampalas ◽  
Konstantina Aravantinou-Fatorou ◽  
Eleutheria Karakatsani ◽  
Eleni Karantali ◽  
Lili Leontiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Funding ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Private Cost ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Secondary Hospital ◽  
The Cost

Objective The current study attempts to estimate the cost of dementia in relation to the severity of the disease in Greece. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted in Tripoli, Arcadia at the neurological clinic of a secondary hospital. The study included 110 patients and their main caregivers. The total cost of dementia has been calculated as well as its allocation to private and public funding. The results were correlated with three stages of disease severity (mild–moderate–severe) with a multivariate regression model. Results The average total cost of caring for dementia is €819.89 per month: €710.60 of this is the private cost and €109.29 is the public cost. The cost is positively correlated statistically with the progress of the disease in the three stages of severity. Conclusions The cost of caring for people with dementia in the authors' research appears lower than that in developed Western societies and in relation to other developing societies. The Greek economic crisis seems to be a determining factor in this result. However, it is still a high cost, which is mainly paid by the patient and the family.

scholarly journals Medical Misadventure and Accident Compensation in New Zealand: An Incentives-Based Analysis

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 857 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bronwyn Howell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Liability Insurance ◽  
Level Of Care ◽  
Accident Compensation ◽  
Administrative Agencies ◽  
The Cost

This article discusses the role of incentives in reducing the occurrence of medical misadventure. The author argues that appropriate incentives may induce the practice of insuring appropriate levels of precaution by sharing the costs of insufficient levels of precaution between those with the power to exert clinical precaution (practitioners) and monitor and enforce its exertion (administrative agencies), and the victims who otherwise bear the costs of inadequate levels of precaution being taken. The respective ability of tortbased and nofault systems to achieve this level of care is discussed, and then applied in the New Zealand ACC situation.The author concludes that from the available evidence, incentives associated with a faultbased system are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to replicate in a nofault system. This is even harder to achieve when public funding of both the ACC and health systems further reduces the incentives potentially available when individuals must meet the cost of their own treatment and liability insurance.

On the Measurement of Private Rates of Return to Education / Ein Ansatz zur Messung privater Bildungsrenditen

1999 ◽  
Vol 218 (5-6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan C. Wolter ◽  
Bernhard A. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Return To Education ◽  
Rates Of Return ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Cost Of Education ◽  
The One ◽  
Wage Earning ◽  
The Cost

SummaryIn many countries on the European continent, it is feared that public funding of tertiary education (university and non-university) leads to an undesirable redistribution of income “from the bottom up”. The calculation of private rates of return is one way of answering this and other questions. This article proposes a new model for calculating private rates of return to education, which on the one hand takes into account the influence of existing wage structures and such institutional factors as the cost of education and the fiscal system, and on the other hand produces results that are relatively easy to interpret at the economic policy level. The first empirical results for Switzerland indicate that once educational costs have been deducted, wage-earning advantages would be too insignificant for it to be possible to speak of redistribution of income „from the bottom up“ in any meaningful way.

In Defense of Conditional Funding of Religious Schools

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 382-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Religious Schools ◽  
Faith Based ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Faith Based Institutions ◽  
The Cost

The Article defends against various objections, the practice of funding religious schools and other faith-based social service providers, but only on condition that they comply with various public regulations and requirements. Critics of conditional funding—including Moshe Cohen- Eliya—argue that conditional funding is coercive and unfair to poorer religious parents, is often divisive or ineffective, and it threatens the autonomy and integrity of religious communities by putting a price on (or increasing the cost of) some of their religious practices; it would be better simply to prohibit the disfavored educational practices targeted by funding conditionalities. I argue that typical funding conditionalities are not objectionably coercive as long as they are designed to advance defensible public purposes. Unfairness to the poor should be addressed by general redistributive policies. The Article allows that funding conditionalities might undermine religious communities’ integrity, and cause social divisions, but that these concerns are speculative and not an adequate basis for disallowing in advance conditional public funding of faith-based institutions.

scholarly journals Student and Faculty Perceptions of OpenStax in High Enrollment Courses

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Edward Watson ◽  
Denise P. Domizi ◽  
Sherry A. Clouser
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Faculty Perceptions ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Public Higher Education ◽  
Faculty Experiences ◽  
Biology Textbook ◽  
Course Redesign ◽  
Open Education Resources ◽  
Online Format ◽  
The Cost

<p class="3">As public funding for higher education decreases and the cost to students to attend college increases, universities are searching for strategies that save students money while also increasing their chances for success. Using free online textbooks is one such strategy, and the OpenStax College initiative at Rice University is one of the most widely recognized producers of such materials. Through a mixed method approach, this article examines the student and faculty experiences of adopting and using an OpenStax textbook. With 1,299 student participants, it was found that students greatly value the quality, attributes, and the cost of the OpenStax Biology textbook, though minor concerns were raised about its online format. Faculty adoption of a free textbook provides unique opportunities for course redesign and improvement, and the approach employed in this course transformation context resulted in clearly articulated learning outcomes, a fully realized structure in the course’s learning management system, and improvements to instructional practice. The student, faculty, and course benefits of this study offer a compelling argument for the adoption of high quality open education resources (OER) in public higher education contexts.</p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Care Coordination Initiative in Improving Access to Dental Care for Persons with Disability

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2753
Author(s):  
Caroline Gondlach ◽  
Céline Catteau ◽  
Martine Hennequin ◽  
Denise Faulks
Keyword(s):  
Care Coordination ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Health Networks ◽  
Service Workers ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Primary Care Services ◽  
The Cost

In French law, the state is responsible for ensuring equal access to health care for people with disabilities. No system exists within dentistry to guarantee this—there are no salaried public service workers, over 85% of dentists work in general practice, and hospital dentistry is poorly developed. Public funding is available for care coordination initiatives termed “Health Networks”. The objective of this study is to report on an internal evaluation of the Réseau Santé Bucco-Dentaire et Handicap de la région Rhône-Alpes (RSBDH), a Health Network coordinating dentistry for persons with disability in the Rhône-Alpes region, and to discuss the French model of Health Networks as a response to improve access to care. Existing governmental guidelines for the evaluation of Networks were adapted for the RSBDH. The RSBDH coordinated dentists to ensure screening, prevention, and treatment for 3219 persons with disability in 2015. Identified strengths included the identification of vulnerable persons, improved access to treatment and collaboration with primary care services. Weaknesses included training of professionals, continuity of care, information sharing, and stakeholder participation. In 2015, the cost was €501 per patient. This model raises major issues of cost, training, equity, and quality of care within special care dentistry. This discussion is relevant to many countries where models of service provision are currently being developed.

scholarly journals EL2 CHANGES IN JAPANESE ACADEMIC CLINICAL TRIALS AND FRAMEWORKS FOR PLANNING CLINICAL TRIALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii4-ii4
Author(s):  
Kenichi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Drug Application ◽  
Scientific Validity ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Scientific Value ◽  
New Drug Application ◽  
Research Budget

Abstract After the enforcement of the Japanese Clinical Trials Act, the number of investigator-initiated registration-directed trials (IIRDT, Chiken) is increasing while the number of non-registration academic trials is decreasing. Pharmaceutical companies tend to make an investment in IIRDT because the data derived from IIRDT can be utilized for new drug application for PMDA, which means the goals and return are clear for industries. On the other hand, the reason of the decrease of non-registration academic trials is the burden of cost and procedures specified in the Clinical Trials Act. In order to start academic trials, certain amount of research budget is indispensable due to the cost for certified review board and clinical trial insurance. Also, even minor changes of site information in jRCT should be submitted to certified review board and the hospital directors of all participating sites, which is one of the most serious burden for investigators. Confirmation of COI declaration in participating sites is another burden for investigators/sites. Under these circumstances, the number of non-registration academic trials will be decreasing for the time being. In the Clinical Trials Act era, investigators must prepare some budget to start clinical trials. In order to obtain public funding, social/scientific value and scientific validity are substantially important. To express the social value sufficiently, the purpose of the trial should focus not on the researcher’s interest but on the contribution for patients. In terms of scientific validity, the framework of PICO is useful; PICO means Patient, Intervention, Control and Outcome. Utilization of this framework and the consistency of these four factors are essential to make the trial design sound.

The Cost Barrier to Peritoneal Dialysis in the Developing World—An Asian Perspective

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 307-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip K.T. Li ◽  
Kai Ming Chow
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
National Income ◽  
Residual Renal Function ◽  
Asian Patients ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Significant Factors

Countries in Asia vary significantly in culture and socioeconomic status. Dialysis costs and reimbursement structures are significant factors in decisions about the rates and modalities of renal replacement therapy. From our survey of Asian nephrologists conducted in 2001, a number of observations can be made. In many developing countries, the annual cost of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is greater than the per-capita gross national income (GNI). The median cost of a 2-L bag of peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid is around US$5. The absolute cost of PD fluid among countries with significant differences in per-capita GNI actually varies very little. Thus, most renal failure patients can be expected to have problems accessing PD therapy in developing countries in Asia. In countries with unequal reimbursement policies for PD versus hemodialysis, a lack of incentive to prescribe PD also exists. Automated PD is nearly non existent in many developing countries in Asia. Some possible ways to reduce the cost barriers to PD in those countries include • individual governments providing more public funding for treating dialysis patients; • dialysate-producing companies reducing the cost of their products; • physicians using appropriately smaller exchange volumes (3 x 2 L) in some Asian patients with smaller body sizes and with residual renal function; and • reducing the complication rate for PD (for example, peritonitis) thereby reducing the costs required for treatment and hospitalization.

scholarly journals FINANCIAL ACCESSIBILITY IN COST-SHARING POLICIES IN HIGHER EDUCATION IN MOZAMBIQUE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
José Amilton Joaquim ◽  
Luísa Cerdeira
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Allocation Process ◽  
The Cost

The massive growth of the student population in higher education institutions has challenged traditional forms of public funding, and cost-sharing policies have been one of the options used by governments. In this sharing, it is important that, depending on the social and economic characteristics of students, issues related to equity and accessibility are safeguarded. This study seeks to understand how cost-sharing policies – taking into account the direct costs of attending higher education, indirect costs, other living expenses and the Mozambicans’ social and economic features – can help or hamper the access to higher education in Mozambique. The selected empirical research contexts encompass eight higher education institutions in the province of Gaza – universities and polytechnics – from the public and private sectors. Empirical data were collected from a questionnaire implemented with higher education students; furthermore, the authors carried out a document analysis on the financing of higher education in Mozambique and worldwide. Allows concluding that, in Mozambique, the cost-sharing model follows a dual-track policy. Also, the part of the financing still ensured by the State is far from meeting the real needs of students and families, due to the high study and living costs, which are well above the students/families’ income. There is no diversification of social support for students, and the only help students have comes from scholarships, whose allocation process is inefficient. This calls into question the issues of higher education equity and accessibility, especially for families with the lowest socio-economic conditions in the country.

The Private Benefit of Public Funding: The FIFA World Cup, UEFA European Championship, and Attendance at Host Country League Soccer

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 723-745
Author(s):  
Stefan Szymanski ◽  
Bastien Drut
Keyword(s):  
Host Country ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Private Benefit ◽  
Fifa World Cup ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Cost

This article examines attendance at league soccer matches before and after hosting an international soccer competition (the FIFA World Cup or the UEFA European Championships). We find significant increases in attendance at clubs that host games in these tournaments. We find smaller but often significant increases in attendance at other league clubs, suggesting that these events may drive fan interest. However, these results are patchy, and for some recent tournaments, they are negative. Our estimates of the private economic value of hosting, even in the most optimistic cases, are smaller than the cost of hosting as reported for recent tournaments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document