scholarly journals Winners, Losers, and Near-Rationality: Heterogeneity in the MPC out of a Large Stimulus Tax Rebate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron LaPoint ◽  
Takashi Unayama
Keyword(s):  
Large Stimulus

Paired Comparisons or Sorting? Comparing Web-Based Methods for Collecting Similarity Data for Large Stimulus Sets for Destination Image Positioning

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-495
Author(s):  
Ilona Pezenka
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Perceptual Maps ◽  
Perceived Difficulty ◽  
Collection Methods

Destination image is among the most studied constructs in tourism research. Many researchers are still convinced that the rating scale method is the most accurate for assessing destination image. This study presents alternative methods of data collection, namely, free-sorting and reduced paired comparisons, and investigates their applicability in a Web-based environment. The study then subjects these data collection methods to empirical analysis and compares the judgment task’s effects on perceived difficulty, fatigue, and boredom, on data quality, and on perceptual maps derived with MDS. The findings demonstrate that these methods are more accurate whenever a large number of objects have to be judged, which is particularly the case for positioning and competitiveness studies.

Extracellular Receptor Potentials from the Lateral-Line Organ of Xenopus Laevis

1980 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
ALFONS B. A. KROESE ◽  
JOHAN M. VAN DER ZALM ◽  
JOEP VAN DEN BERCKEN
Keyword(s):  
Xenopus Laevis ◽  
Lateral Line ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Water Displacement ◽  
Stimulus Amplitude ◽  
Nerve Fibres ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Sensory Hair ◽  
Lateral Line Organ ◽  
Line Organ

1. The response of the epidermal lateral-line organ of Xenopus laevis to stimulation was studied by recording extracellular receptor potentials from the hair cells in single neuromasts in isolated preparations. One neuromast was stimulated by local, sinusoidal water movements induced by a glass sphere positioned at a short distance from the neuromast. 2. The amplitudes of the extracellular receptor potentials were proportional to the stimulus amplitude over a range of 20 dB. The phase of the extracellular receptor potentials with respect to water displacement was independent of the stimulus amplitude. 3. With large stimulus amplitude, and stimulus frequencies between 0.5 Hz and 2 Hz, the extracellular receptor potentials, and responses of single afferent nerve fibres, showed a phase lead of 1.2 π radians with respect to water displacement, i.e. they were almost in phase with water acceleration. 4. It is concluded that under conditions of stimulation with small-amplitude water movements, the hair cells respond to sensory hair displacement, whereas under conditions of stimulation with large-amplitude water movements they respond to sensory hair velocity.

scholarly journals Masked Primes Can Be Genuinely Semantically Processed

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Van den Bussche ◽  
Karolien Notebaert ◽  
Bert Reynvoet
Keyword(s):  
Task Context ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Large Target ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Previous Claim ◽  
Subliminal Processing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Large Category

Van den Bussche and Reynvoet (2007) argued that since significant priming was observed for novel primes from a large category, subliminal primes can be processed semantically. However, a possible confound in this study was the presence of nonsemantic effects such as orthographic overlap between primes and targets. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to validate our previous claim when nonsemantic influences are avoided. The second aim was to investigate the impact of nonsemantic stimulus processing on priming effects by manipulating target set size. The results showed that when nonsemantic effects are eliminated by presenting primes as pictures and targets as words, significant priming emerged for large stimulus categories and a large target set. This cannot be explained by nonsemantic accounts of subliminal processing and shows that subliminal primes can be truly semantically processed. However, when using a limited amount of targets, stimulating nonsemantic processing, priming disappeared. This indicates that the task context will determine whether stimuli will be processed semantically or nonsemantically, which in turn can influence priming effects.

scholarly journals Are monkeys intuitive Aristotelians? Associations between target size and vertical target position in long-tailed macaques

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 170889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Keupp ◽  
Natàlia Barbarroja ◽  
Sascha Topolinski ◽  
Julia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Natural Preference

Different hypotheses have been put forward to explain the interaction between size perception and spatial position. To explore the evolutionary roots of these phenomena, we tested long-tailed macaques' performance in a two-choice discrimination task on a touchscreen and contrasted two hypotheses. First, a hierarchy association in which large objects are associated with top positions, due to a link between power, dominance and importance with top position. Second, a naive Aristotelian association in which large objects are associated with bottom positions, due to the experience that larger objects are heavier and thus more likely to be found at the bottom. Irrespective of training regime (positively reinforcing the small (Touch-Small) or large (Touch-Large) stimulus), the monkeys had a bias to touch the bottom compared to the top location. Individuals in the Touch-Small group took significantly longer to acquire the task, but subsequently made fewer mistakes. When presented with two stimuli of equal medium size, the Touch-Large group had a clear bias to touch the lower stimulus, while the Touch-Small group touched both locations at equal rates. Our findings point to an innate bias towards larger stimuli and a natural preference for the lower position, while the extent of interaction between size and position depends on executive control requirements of a task.

Q-SpAM: How to Efficiently Measure Similarity in Online Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 004912412091493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Koch ◽  
Felix Speckmann ◽  
Christian Unkelbach
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Online Research ◽  
Stimulus Similarity ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Similarity Data ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Do So

Measuring the similarity of stimuli is of great interest to a variety of social scientists. Spatial arrangement by dragging and dropping “more similar” targets closer together on the computer screen is a precise and efficient method to measure stimulus similarity. We present Qualtrics-spatial arrangement method (Q-SpAM), a feature-rich and user-friendly online version of spatial arrangement. Combined with crowdsourcing platforms, Q-SpAM provides fast and affordable access to similarity data even for large stimulus sets. Participants may spatially arrange up to 100 words or images, randomly selected targets, self-selected targets, self-generated targets, and targets self-marked in different colors. These and other Q-SpAM features can be combined. We exemplify how to collect, process, and visualize similarity data with Q-SpAM and provide R and Excel scripts to do so. We then illustrate Q-SpAM’s versatility for social science, concluding that Q-SpAM is a reliable and valid method to measure the similarity of lots of stimuli with little effort.

Pentobarbital anesthesia suppresses basal and 2-deoxy-D-glucose-stimulated plasma catecholamines

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (5) ◽  
pp. R905-R910 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Taborsky ◽  
J. B. Halter ◽  
D. Baum ◽  
J. D. Best ◽  
D. Porte
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Catecholamines ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Plasma Catecholamine ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Sympathetic Outflow ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Pentobarbital Anesthesia ◽  
Autonomic Reflexes ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs

Since pentobarbital anesthesia is known to attenuate certain autonomic reflexes, we tested whether pentobarbital would suppress both basal and stimulated levels of plasma catecholamines and whether a large stimulus might counterbalance this suspected suppression. In untrained dogs, sampled by venipuncture, pentobarbital (30 mg/kg iv) decreased the plasma concentration of epinephrine (E) from 146 +/- 9 to 38 +/- 8 (SE) pg/ml (n = 46) and norepinephrine (NE) from 276 +/- 13 to 91 +/- 10 pg/ml (both P less than 0.0005), suggesting that barbiturate anesthesia suppresses sympathetic outflow in these mildly stressed animals. Pentobarbital also had a marked suppressive effect on the lower baseline catecholamines (E, 84 +/- 14 pg/ml; NE, 118 +/- 10 pg/ml; n = 6) of trained, chronically catheterized dogs, suggesting that it was capable of suppressing resting sympathetic outflow as well. To determine whether pentobarbital anesthesia also suppressed reflex activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the plasma catecholamine response to the neuroglucopenic agent, 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), was measured in conscious and in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs. In conscious dogs, the administration of 2-DG (100 mg/kg iv) doubled the base-line plasma concentration of E and NE 30 min after the 2-DG injection. In contrast, the administration of 2-DG (100 mg/kg iv) to pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs produced no significant increase of either plasma catecholamine, suggesting marked suppression of this sympathetic reflex.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Big Social Savings in a Small Laggard Economy: Railroad-Led Growth in Brazil

2005 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM R. SUMMERHILL
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Social Rate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Backward Linkages ◽  
Social Rate Of Return

Railroad development had a profound impact in nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century Brazil. Direct benefits were small for passengers, but large for freight services, and contributed heavily to the transition from stagnation to growth. Domestic-use activities received a differentially large stimulus. Estimates of the social rate of return reveal that Brazil did not overinvest in railroads. A different allocation of subsidies to railroad capital could have generated additional gains. Backward linkages did little for industry, but the “leakage” attributable to imported inputs was modest. Institutional externalities were mixed. By 1913 railroads had paved the way for dramatically improved economic growth.

Human Capital and Other Determinants of the Price Life Cycle of a Slave: Peru and La Plata in the Eighteenth Century

1996 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 694-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Newland ◽  
María Jesús San segundo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
La Plata

Toward the end of the eighteenth century Spanish America had about 400,000 slaves, which made 3 percent of the population. Before this time the importance of slavery had been greater, having received a large stimulus because of the sharp demographic decline of the natives following the Conquest. The arrival of Africans meant that in 1650 the proportion of slaves to total population was from 5 to 10 percent.

scholarly journals Measures of repetition suppression in the Fusiform Face Area are inflated by co-occurring effects of statistically learned visual associations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie-Marie Rostalski ◽  
Catarina Amado ◽  
Gyula Kovács ◽  
Daniel Feuerriegel
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Stimulus Repetition ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Repeated Presentation ◽  
Face Area ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Clear Support

AbstractRepeated presentation of a stimulus leads to reductions in measures of neural responses. This phenomenon, termed repetition suppression (RS), has recently been conceptualized using models based on predictive coding, which describe RS as due to expectations that are weighted toward recently-seen stimuli. To evaluate these models, researchers have manipulated the likelihood of stimulus repetition within experiments. They have reported findings that are inconsistent across hemodynamic and electrophysiological measures, and difficult to interpret as clear support or refutation of predictive coding models. We instead investigated a different type of expectation effect that is apparent in stimulus repetition experiments: the difference in one’s ability to predict the identity of repeated, compared to unrepeated, stimuli. In previous experiments that presented pairs of repeated or alternating images, once participants had seen the first stimulus image in a pair, they could form specific expectations about the repeated stimulus image. However they could not form such expectations for the alternating image, which was often randomly chosen from a large stimulus set. To assess the contribution of stimulus predictability effects to previously observed RS, we measured BOLD signals while presenting pairs of repeated and alternating faces. This was done in contexts whereby stimuli in alternating trials were either i.) predictable through statistically learned associations between pairs of stimuli or ii.) chosen randomly and therefore unpredictable. We found that RS in the right FFA was much larger in trials with unpredictable compared to predictable alternating faces. This was primarily due to unpredictable alternating stimuli evoking larger BOLD signals than predictable alternating stimuli. We show that imbalances in stimulus predictability across repeated and alternating trials can greatly inflate measures of RS, or even mimic RS effects. Our findings also indicate that stimulus-specific expectations, as described by predictive coding models, may account for a sizeable portion of observed RS effects.

scholarly journals Asymmetries in Accessing Vowel Representations Are Driven by Phonological and Acoustic Properties: Neural and Behavioral Evidence From Natural German Minimal Pairs

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Riedinger ◽  
Arne Nagels ◽  
Alexander Werth ◽  
Mathias Scharinger
Keyword(s):  
Speech Sound ◽  
Acoustic Properties ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Perceptual Factor ◽  
Minimal Pairs ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Directional Asymmetries ◽  
Vowel Discrimination

In vowel discrimination, commonly found discrimination patterns are directional asymmetries where discrimination is faster (or easier) if differing vowels are presented in a certain sequence compared to the reversed sequence. Different models of speech sound processing try to account for these asymmetries based on either phonetic or phonological properties. In this study, we tested and compared two of those often-discussed models, namely the Featurally Underspecified Lexicon (FUL) model (Lahiri and Reetz, 2002) and the Natural Referent Vowel (NRV) framework (Polka and Bohn, 2011). While most studies presented isolated vowels, we investigated a large stimulus set of German vowels in a more naturalistic setting within minimal pairs. We conducted an mismatch negativity (MMN) study in a passive and a reaction time study in an active oddball paradigm. In both data sets, we found directional asymmetries that can be explained by either phonological or phonetic theories. While behaviorally, the vowel discrimination was based on phonological properties, both tested models failed to explain the found neural patterns comprehensively. Therefore, we additionally examined the influence of a variety of articulatory, acoustical, and lexical factors (e.g., formant structure, intensity, duration, and frequency of occurrence) but also the influence of factors beyond the well-known (perceived loudness of vowels, degree of openness) in depth via multiple regression analyses. The analyses revealed that the perceptual factor of perceived loudness has a greater impact than considered in the literature and should be taken stronger into consideration when analyzing preattentive natural vowel processing.

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