scholarly journals Are monkeys intuitive Aristotelians? Associations between target size and vertical target position in long-tailed macaques

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 170889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Keupp ◽  
Natàlia Barbarroja ◽  
Sascha Topolinski ◽  
Julia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Small Group ◽  
Executive Control ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Spatial Position ◽  
Size Perception ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Natural Preference

Different hypotheses have been put forward to explain the interaction between size perception and spatial position. To explore the evolutionary roots of these phenomena, we tested long-tailed macaques' performance in a two-choice discrimination task on a touchscreen and contrasted two hypotheses. First, a hierarchy association in which large objects are associated with top positions, due to a link between power, dominance and importance with top position. Second, a naive Aristotelian association in which large objects are associated with bottom positions, due to the experience that larger objects are heavier and thus more likely to be found at the bottom. Irrespective of training regime (positively reinforcing the small (Touch-Small) or large (Touch-Large) stimulus), the monkeys had a bias to touch the bottom compared to the top location. Individuals in the Touch-Small group took significantly longer to acquire the task, but subsequently made fewer mistakes. When presented with two stimuli of equal medium size, the Touch-Large group had a clear bias to touch the lower stimulus, while the Touch-Small group touched both locations at equal rates. Our findings point to an innate bias towards larger stimuli and a natural preference for the lower position, while the extent of interaction between size and position depends on executive control requirements of a task.

scholarly journals New Optical Design Method of Floating Type Collimator for Microscopic Camera Inspection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 6203
Author(s):  
Seonkoo Chee ◽  
Jaemyung Ryu ◽  
Hojong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Target Position ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Virtual Object ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Object Distance ◽  
Floating Type ◽  
Mobile Phone Camera

Recently released mobile phone cameras are capable of photographing objects at a fairly close distance. In addition, the field angle from the camera has increased. To measure the resolution of a mobile phone camera, the target must be photographed. To measure the resolution according to the object distance change from a mobile phone camera with a wide field angle, the target size must be large, whereas the target position must be moved. However, the target size cannot be changed. A virtual object for the target was created using a collimator. Moving a part of the lens group constituting the collimator also changes the virtual object distance. If the amount of change in the virtual object distance is large, the resolution of the collimator may also change. Therefore, a collimator that maintains the resolution even when the distance of the virtual object changes is designed as a floating type in which two lens groups move. Therefore, we propose a new floating collimator optical system that can inspect the resolution of mobile phone cameras from infinity to a close range to compensate for aberrations caused by object distance changes.

scholarly journals ACCURATE OPTICAL TARGET POSE DETERMINATION FOR APPLICATIONS IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

2016 ◽  
Vol III-3 ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Cucci
Keyword(s):  
Target Position ◽  
Iterative Refinement ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Geometric Invariant ◽  
Pose Determination ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Circle Center ◽  
Position And Orientation ◽  
Orientation Determination ◽  
Refinement Algorithm

We propose a new design for an optical coded target based on concentric circles and a position and orientation determination algorithm optimized for high distances compared to the target size. If two ellipses are fitted on the edge pixels corresponding to the outer and inner circles, quasi-analytical methods are known to obtain the coordinates of the projection of the circles center. We show the limits of these methods for quasi-frontal target orientations and in presence of noise and we propose an iterative refinement algorithm based on a geometric invariant. Next, we introduce a closed form, computationally inexpensive, solution to obtain the target position and orientation given the projected circle center and the parameters of the outer circle projection. The viability of the approach is demonstrated based on aerial pictures taken by an UAV from elevations between 10 to 100 m. We obtain a distance RMS below 0.25 % under 50 m and below 1 % under 100 m with a target size of 90 cm, part of which is a deterministic bias introduced by image exposure.

scholarly journals ACCURATE OPTICAL TARGET POSE DETERMINATION FOR APPLICATIONS IN AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY

2016 ◽  
Vol III-3 ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Cucci
Keyword(s):  
Target Position ◽  
Iterative Refinement ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Geometric Invariant ◽  
Pose Determination ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Circle Center ◽  
Position And Orientation ◽  
Orientation Determination ◽  
Refinement Algorithm

We propose a new design for an optical coded target based on concentric circles and a position and orientation determination algorithm optimized for high distances compared to the target size. If two ellipses are fitted on the edge pixels corresponding to the outer and inner circles, quasi-analytical methods are known to obtain the coordinates of the projection of the circles center. We show the limits of these methods for quasi-frontal target orientations and in presence of noise and we propose an iterative refinement algorithm based on a geometric invariant. Next, we introduce a closed form, computationally inexpensive, solution to obtain the target position and orientation given the projected circle center and the parameters of the outer circle projection. The viability of the approach is demonstrated based on aerial pictures taken by an UAV from elevations between 10 to 100 m. We obtain a distance RMS below 0.25 % under 50 m and below 1 % under 100 m with a target size of 90 cm, part of which is a deterministic bias introduced by image exposure.

Identification and Prevention of Accident Risks through the Development of Self-Analysis-of-Work Competencies among Industrial Workers

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 2-667-2-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Vasconcelos ◽  
M. Lacomblez
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Action Research Project ◽  
Real Work ◽  
First Results ◽  
Methodological Principles

This paper presents the theoretical and methodological principles as well as some results of an action-research project conceived and implemented by work psychologists, in strict co-operation with a group of industrial workers of a medium size metallurgic company. Its objective was the identification and prevention of accident risks through the empowerment of a small group of workers with competencies of ergonomic self-analysis of their work. Worker's practice in real work situations was used as a stimulus for the (re)cognition of work competencies and working conditions by the workers themselves, process that was reinforced by moments of group discussion. All group sessions were recorded on videotape for further analysis. The first results obtained are quite satisfactory: a significant decrease in the number of accidents in the section; transformation proposals formulated by the workers themselves, some of which already implemented; a notorious enrichment of worker's verbalisations about the work situations concerned.

Some Recent Results in Quiescent Prominence Spectrometry

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
Donald A. Landman
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Computer System ◽  
Spectral Response ◽  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
Solar Observatory ◽  
Target Size ◽  
Small Target ◽  
Signal Averaging ◽  
Quiescent Prominence

This paper describes some recent results of our quiescent prominence spectrometry program at the Mees Solar Observatory on Haleakala. The observations were made with the 25 cm coronagraph/coudé spectrograph system using a silicon vidicon detector. This detector consists of 500 contiguous channels covering approximately 6 or 80 Å, depending on the grating used. The instrument is interfaced to the Observatory’s PDP 11/45 computer system, and has the important advantages of wide spectral response, linearity and signal-averaging with real-time display. Its principal drawback is the relatively small target size. For the present work, the aperture was about 3″ × 5″. Absolute intensity calibrations were made by measuring quiet regions near sun center.

Stimulus Ratio Effects on Speech Discrimination by Children and Adults

1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan E. Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Adult Group ◽  
Discrimination Accuracy ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Response Strategies ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Adults And Children

This investigation examined the response strategies and discrimination accuracy of adults and children aged 5–10 as the ratio of same to different trials was varied across three conditions of a “change/no-change” discrimination task. The conditions varied as follows: (a) a ratio of one-third same to two-thirds different trials (33% same), (b) an equal ratio of same to different trials (50% same), and (c) a ratio of two-thirds same to one-third different trials (67% same). Stimuli were synthetic consonant-vowel syllables that changed along a place of articulation dimension by formant frequency transition. Results showed that all subjects changed their response strategies depending on the ratio of same-to-different trials. The most lax response pattern was observed for the 50% same condition, and the most conservative pattern was observed for the 67% same condition. Adult response patterns were most conservative across condition. Differences in discrimination accuracy as measured by P(C) were found, with the largest difference in the 5- to 6-year-old group and the smallest change in the adult group. These findings suggest that children’s response strategies, like those of adults, can be manipulated by changing the ratio of same-to-different trials. Furthermore, interpretation of sensitivity measures must be referenced to task variables such as the ratio of same-to-different trials.

Within-Subject Variability in Ingratiation as a Function of Self-Esteem and Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Katharina Schmitte ◽  
Bert Schreurs ◽  
Mien Segers ◽  
I. M. “Jim” Jawahar
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Authority Figure ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Abstract. Adopting a within-person perspective, we theorize why ingratiation use directed toward an authority figure increases over time and for whom. We posit that as the appraisal event draws closer, the salience of achieving good evaluations increases, leading to an increasing use of ingratiation. We further propose that the increase will be stronger for individuals with low relative to high self-esteem. Participants were 349 students enrolled in a small-group, tutor-led management course. Data were collected in three bi-weekly waves and analyzed using random coefficient modeling. Results show that ingratiation use increased as time to the evaluation decreased, and low self-esteem students ingratiated more as time progressed. We conclude that ingratiation use varies as a function of contextual and inter-individual differences.

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