Language Policy, Medium of Instruction and Economic Development: The Case of Six Asian Countries in Kachru's Concentric Circles

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Mayo Torres
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Medium Of Instruction ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Concentric Circles

scholarly journals Language Policy, Medium of Instruction and Economic Development of Countries in Kachru’s Concentric Circles of Asian Englishes

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-104
Author(s):  
Joel Torres ◽  
Myla Santos
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Medium Of Instruction ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Concentric Circles ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Individual

Language and culture are indispensable elements to the economic growth of the individual and society. They represent an important indicator of the individual’s satisfaction and quality of life. This paper is an attempt to answer Grin and Arcand’s (2013) observation that the part that language might play in economic development has long intrigued scholars from various disciplines, and up to the present decade no clear story has emerged from the investigations published and the empirical evidence remains inconclusive. Thus, in an attempt to come up with empirical evidence to establish the link between language policy and language in education to economic growth, this paper reviews the language policies and medium of instruction (MOI)in six countries, two countries each from each circle in Kachru’s concentric circles of Asian Englishes. Each circle was represented by a country with high and low gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. To determine the effect of language policy and MOI to countries’ GDP per capita, analysis of the similarities on the language policy and MOI of countries with higher GDP and those with lower GDP was done.    

Language policies for Hong Kong schools since 1997

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Kan ◽  
Bob Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Language Policy ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
International Communication ◽  
National Language ◽  
Medium Of Instruction ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Mother Tongue Education ◽  
Important Means

Francis of Education (print)/1474-8479 (online) Article 2010 Language in education debates in Hong Kong focus on the role and status of English (as the former colonial language and an important means for international communication); Cantonese, the mother tongue of the majority of the population; and Putonghua, the national language of China. This paper examines the language policy formulated in 1997–1998, and finds that it radically departed from previous policies by mandating the use of Cantonese as the medium of instruction in secondary schools. The paper then analyses two subsequent policy revisions and concludes that, while the tonal emphasis on mother-tongue education has remained, the policy revisions have reversed the language policy to previous practices that emphasised the importance of English.

scholarly journals Environmental Challenges of Urbanization in Southeast Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-118
Author(s):  
N. G. Rogozhina
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Environmental Situation ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
Southeast Asian Countries

One of the most important trends in the modern stage of the socio-economic development of the countries of Southeast Asia is the acceleration of the process of urbanization which will determine the future of the region. By 2050, the share of the urban population in the total population of the region is due to increase to 65% compared to 42% at present. The author stresses that the process of urbanization in SEA has a number of distinctive characteristics. Firstly, it should be noted the uneven distribution of the urban population among the countries of the region. Secondly, there is an accelerated growth of medium-sized cities. Thirdly, in the socio-economic and political systems of Southeast Asian countries, large cities and primarily capitals still dominate Being the foundation of economic growth and social progress, urbanization at the same time has many challenges, one of which is the threat of environmental degradation for almost half of the region’s population. With all the diversity of socio-economic development and the political structure of the countries of the region, the environmental situation in their cities, and especially the capitals, is strikingly similar, which indicates the presence of common causes of environmental crisis. The article notes that environmental tension in cities, primarily subjected to problems associated with urbanization, are at the same time a consequence of the national environmental crisis, the cause of which is the realization of a model of extensive economic development, the implementation of which is accompanied by the over-exploitation of natural resources and increased pollution. The deterioration of the environmental situation in cities, which reveals itself in a high level of air and water pollution, restricting public access to drinking water sources and sanitary facilities, increasing the production of solid waste with imperfect disposal technologies, devalues the results of the economic and social progress of Southeast Asian countries.The author discusses in detail the main environmental problems of cities, analyzes the causes of their occurrence and assesses the possibilities for their prevention. The latter involves an integrated approach to overcoming the environmental crisis along with implementing measures at different levels and in different areas. The author comes to the conclusion that despite the fact that in recent years there have been some positive changes in the approach of the authorities to solving the most acute environmental problems, nevertheless, it is doubtful that the environmental situation will noticeably improve in the near future without changing the philosophy of development itself

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Human Development Index in Central Asian Countries

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Volkan Öngel ◽  
İlyas Sözen ◽  
Ahmet Alkan Çelik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Political Preference ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Economic Development And Growth

Economic development and growth had been the most important target among all goverments throughout the history. In this respect, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in Middle Asian Region had chosen development as primary target in 20 years time after their independence. Human capital is the leading factor to maintain economic development and growth. Development and growth terms over which different meanings and concepts were imposed in time, necessitated several political economic alterations. Before 1970’s, increase in income had been sufficient criterion for the development of a government. But nowadays economic development incorporates factors such as life expectancy at birth, school enrolment ratio, literancy rate, gender discrimination, poverty alleviation, equal distribution of income beyond economic growth. Herewith this change political preference and priorities has started to differentiate. The aim of this study is to discuss human development index (HDI) data of 5 Middle Asian countries in 2010 and changes in HDI in years after their independence. Comparisan between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and HDI rates are also performed within this analysis. This study consists of data of 5 Middle Asian countries between years 1990-2010. Basic, retrospective, illustrative library method is used as the study method. In conclusion, we find that increase in GDP did not reflect over HDI in Middle Asian Countries within 20-years period.

scholarly journals Influence of Tourism on Economic Development in Asian Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-216
Author(s):  
Wen-Chuan FU ◽  
◽  
Chia-Jui PENG ◽  
Tzu-Yi YANG ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rate Fluctuation ◽  
National Economic ◽  
International Entry ◽  
The Relationship

Although the tourism industry has recorded the lowest pollution, it significantly contributes to the global economy. Therefore, many countries have spent great efforts in promoting their tourism industry to support their entire economic development. This article considers factors related to the relationship between national economic growth and international entry tourism for 11 Asian countries to investigate the existence of the cross-sectional difference between these countries. Results show that exchange rate fluctuation is an alternative factor affecting economic growth risk, and common slope exists between countries. Moreover, international entry tourist headcount and income show differential slope in some countries, implying that these factors affect the economies of different Asian countries differently.

scholarly journals Culture at the Center of Economic Development, Stability and Growth

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Cerna
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Perspective Taking ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Development Stability ◽  
Behavioral Perspective

<p>This paper stresses the importance of culture in understanding and, perhaps more accurately, predicting economic development. It’s intended to initiate, or re-initiate, the discussion of culture as the core of economic development, stability and growth.</p><p>My interest in the discussion of the economy is from a behavioral perspective, taking behavior as an outcome of culture, a factor that remains neglected in most economic literature explaining or forecasting the economy. It seems to me that because the existent literature in economics remains incomplete in terms of culture, predicting the success or failure of any economic model, applied within different cultural settings, may be inaccurate. Hence, the fundamental assumption presented in this document is that different regions in the world develop different economic levels due to cultural differences. I take example in East Asia in general and China in particular to explain cultural factors that have contributed to the economic development in the region.</p><p>The following discussion has been divided into five parts, as follows: First, an introduction to the main arguments. Second, a short discussion of the definition of culture developed by several scholars in the past. Elaborating on those earlier definitions, I propose a definition that may best suit the economic issue at hand. Third, a review of some of the most important economists and their key arguments, upon which I elaborate from a cultural perspective. Fourth, a discussion of East-Asian countries and China’s economic development from a cultural perspective. Fifth, my conclusions and a proposed model that includes culture as a factor in the decision-making process when choosing an economic strategy and its corresponding models.</p>

Rights in Education and Self-Identity: Education and Language of Instruction in Namibia

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres Chavez
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Medium Of Instruction ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
English Instruction

<p class="apa">In 1992, the Ministry of Education and Culture in Namibia created a new language policy for schools that presented the possibility of using English as the sole medium of instruction for students starting in Grade 1. The resulting increase in schools that offer only English instruction has been detrimental to education. In order to improve the quality of education available to students in Namibia, the implementation of the language policy must be revisited so that students have the opportunity to first learn in their mother tongues and develop the necessary skills that they will need to be successful.</p>

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