Law, Sexual Assault and Gender Neutrality – An Exploration of Legal Perspectives and Remedies for Transgender and Male Victims

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) adolescents report higher rates of dating violence victimization compared with their heterosexual and cisgender peers. Research on dating violence often neglects diversity in sexual and gender identities and is limited to experiences in relationships. Further, given that dating violence and alcohol use are comorbid, research on experiences of dating violence could provide insights into alcohol use disparities among SGM adolescents. We aimed to map patterns of relationship experiences, sexual and physical dating violence, and sexual and physical assault and explored differences in these experiences among SGM adolescents. Further, we examined how these patterns explained alcohol use. We used a U.S. non-probability national web-based survey administered to 13–17-year-old SGM adolescents ( N = 12,534). Using latent class analyses, four patterns were identified: low relationship experience, dating violence and harassment and assault (72.0%), intermediate dating experiences, sexual harassment, and assault and low levels of dating violence (13.1%), high dating experiences, dating violence, and sexual assault (8.6%), and high dating experiences, dating violence, and sexual harassment and assault (6.3%). Compared to lesbian and gay adolescents, bisexual adolescents reported more experiences with dating, dating violence, and sexual assault, whereas heterosexual adolescents reported fewer experiences with dating, dating violence, and sexual harassment and assault. Compared to cisgender boys, cisgender girls, transgender boys, and non-binary/assigned male at birth adolescents were more likely to experience dating violence inside and outside of relationship contexts. Experiences of dating, dating violence, and sexual harassment and assault were associated with both drinking frequency and heavy episodic drinking. Together, the findings emphasize the relevance of relationship experiences when studying dating violence and how dating violence and sexual harassment and assault might explain disparities in alcohol use.

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Legal Discourse and Gender Neutrality in Child Custody Reform in Spain

Parenting after Partnering : Containing Conflict after Separation ◽

10.5040/9781472564238.ch-006 ◽

2014 ◽

Keyword(s):

Child Custody ◽

Legal Discourse ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Neutrality

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Household Production in an Egalitarian Society

Social Forces ◽

10.1093/sf/soy066 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 1127-1154

Author(s):

Yuko Onozaka ◽

Kamran Hafzi

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Large Set ◽

Economic Rationality ◽

Representative Survey ◽

Gender Expectations ◽

Income Differences ◽

Egalitarian Society ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Neutrality ◽

Do So

Abstract Norwegian national policies strongly incentivize double-earner households and gender equality, but various gender gaps persist both at work and at home. In these seemingly contradictory situations, what are the mechanisms under which Norwegian households allocate their market and domestic labor? Drawing on both a large set of administrative data and a representative survey, this question is examined from two perspectives. First, we focus on the micro-economic processes and investigate if Norwegian households act according to economic rationality or if they still follow the gender norm “A man should earn more than his wife.” Second, we focus on how Norway’s contextual factors may influence the household experiences when a wife has better market productivity. We find that a wife with better market productivity, who is thereby facing the risk of outearning her husband, works more hours and earns more than her husband, while doing less chores—behavior consistent with economic rationality. Further analyses show that women’s “higher” relative market productivity is mainly a consequence of having low-income husbands, and “higher” and “lower” market productivity women are surprisingly similar in other sociodemographic aspects. Norwegian redistribution policies, through progressive taxation and benefit transfers, seem to mitigate the income differences and promote gender neutrality in a sense that if couples wish to pursue an untraditional division, by preference or by necessity, they seem to be able to do so without being held back by the traditional gender expectations or being very poor.

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Gender and Gender Role Expectations

10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190296650.003.0009 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Brian J. Willoughby ◽

Spencer L. James

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Gender Roles ◽

Gender Role ◽

Emerging Adults ◽

Role Expectations ◽

Gender Role Expectations ◽

Traditional Gender Roles ◽

Role Balance ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Neutrality

This chapter provides an overview of emerging adults’ views on gender and gender roles. The authors describe their findings regarding who emerging adults believe benefits more from marriage, men or women. Little consensus seemed to exist regarding how emerging adults viewed the connection between gender and marriage; the authors propose that this is a reflection of our current culture, which continues to move toward gender neutrality and the dismissal of gender differences. The authors also explore how emerging adults believe gender roles will play out in their own marriages. A specific paradox whereby emerging adults aspire to an egalitarian role balance yet tend to end up in traditional gender roles is discussed.

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Book Review: Male Victims of Sexual Assault

International Review of Victimology ◽

10.1177/026975809400300306 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 264-267

Author(s):

Gail F. Mason

Keyword(s):

Sexual Assault ◽

Male Victims

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Socially Constructed Determinants of Health: The Case for Synergies to Arrive at Gendered Global Health Law

Public Health Ethics ◽

10.1093/phe/phaa013 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 16-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sarah Hawkes ◽

Kent Buse

Keyword(s):

Health Inequities ◽

Well Being ◽

Determinants Of Health ◽

Health Law ◽

Socially Constructed ◽

And Gender ◽

Gender Neutrality ◽

The Relationship ◽

Health And Well Being ◽

Improve Health

Abstract Both gender and the law are significant determinants of health and well-being. Here, we put forward evidence to unpack the relationship between gender and outcomes in health and well-being, and explore how legal determinants interact and intersect with gender norms to amplify or reduce health inequities across populations. The paper explores the similarities between legal and health systems in their response to gender—both systems portray gender neutrality but would be better described as gender-blind. We conclude with a set of recommendations to address both law and gender in implementing the work of the Lancet Commission on the legal determinants of health to improve health outcomes for all, irrespective of gender.

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