Unsafe Havens: Re-Examining Humanitarian Aid and Peace Duration after Civil Wars

Historical Revelations from the Milošević Trial

Southeastern Europe ◽

10.1163/187633312x616968 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 10-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Judith Armatta

Keyword(s):

Civil Wars ◽

Humanitarian Aid ◽

Former Yugoslavia ◽

Ethnic Cleansing ◽

New Material ◽

Slobodan Milosevic

Controversy over Serbia's1 role in the decade of wars in the former Yugoslavia continues. The trial of Slobodan Milošević unearthed significant new material in documents and testimony, despite the trial's premature end with Milošević's death. While there was no legal resolution, evidence revealed at trial provides a rich resource for historians to further examine some of the major controversies arising from the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the decade of wars that ensued. This article will highlight evidence relevant to the following issues: Was Serbia opposed to disintegration and war or did Milošević seek it in his quest for power? Were the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina civil wars in which Serbia was not involved except to provide humanitarian aid and negotiate for peace or was Serbia a primary protagonist? What was Serbia's role, if any, in the Srebrenica genocide?2 Was Serbia, NATO or the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) responsible for war and ethnic cleansing in Kosovo? While the trial of Milošević did not attempt to establish Serbia's or the FRY's responsibility, actions taken by Milošević as Serbia's president and de facto leader of the FRY necessarily implicate them as political entities.

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The Durability of Peace

10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.422 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Caroline A. Hartzell ◽

Amy Yuen

Keyword(s):

Civil Wars ◽

Empirical Work ◽

Modern World ◽

Active Listening ◽

War And Peace ◽

Sustainable Peace ◽

Single Process ◽

Peace Duration ◽

Durable Peace

With wars—not just global, but civil wars and other domestic infightings—still being rampant in the modern world, scholars have begun to develop interest in identifying the conditions that can help establish a durable peace. Peace is a lack of conflict and freedom from fear of violence between social groups. Commonly understood as the absence of war or violent hostility, peace often involves compromise, and therefore is initiated with thoughtful active listening and communication to enhance and create genuine mutual understanding. The study of the durability of peace has greatly evolved through the years, and one of its implications is that recent empirical work on this topic has focused on civil war. Most of this study has been tailored in response to the model of war, a theory of armed conflict which presents war and peace as stages of a single process. Furthermore, this analysis on peace duration revolves around for main themes: the characteristics of conflict and conflict actors, belligerent-centered dynamics, the role of third parties, and the developments in the measurement, estimation, and the study of peace duration. Under the conceptions of peace, sustainable peace must be regarded as an important factor for the future of prosperity. Throughout the world, nurturing, empowerment, and communications are considered to be the crucial factors in creating and sustaining a durable peace.

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Religion as a Peacemaker? Peace Duration after Ethnic Civil Wars

Politics and Religion ◽

10.1017/s1755048316000742 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 339-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Mehmet Gurses ◽

Nicolas Rost

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Ethnic Group ◽

Civil Wars ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Opposition Group ◽

Peace Duration ◽

Durable Peace

AbstractWhat role does religion play in preventing civil war from recurring? Politicians have proposed that when warring groups share the same religion, achieving a durable peace will be easier. We test this hypothesis empirically using a large-nsample of all ethnic civil wars that began and ended between 1950 and 2006, and a measure of co-religiosity between the ethnic group in power and the main opposition group. The analysis shows that there is no positive relationship between co-religiosity and the duration of post-civil war peace, showing that sharing the same religion may not help to bring about peace following an ethnic civil war. To the contrary, the closer religious ties, the less likely it is that peace will last after the end of the conflict, and the higher the risk that conflict will recur.

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Civilian Casualties, Humanitarian Aid, and Insurgent Violence in Civil Wars

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3212804 ◽

2018 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jason Lyall

Keyword(s):

Civil Wars ◽

Humanitarian Aid

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Termination and Recurrence of Civil War: Which Outcomes Lead to Durable Peace after Civil War?

Japanese Journal of Political Science ◽

10.1017/s146810991100017x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. 375-398 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

HIROTAKA OHMURA

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Civil Wars ◽

Power Sharing ◽

War Termination ◽

Peacekeeping Operations ◽

Post Conflict ◽

Peace Settlement ◽

Military Victory ◽

Peace Duration ◽

Durable Peace

AbstractThis article attempts to answer why some countries experience the recurrence of civil war and others do not. One of the most significant differences between civil war onset and its recurrence is that the latter has once experienced termination of civil war, while the former has not. To find the cause of recurrence, this article examines how different war termination types influence the duration of post-civil war peace. Duration analysis of the civil wars between 1944 and 1999 shows that military victory, supported by peacekeeping operations or power-sharing arrangements, leads to the most durable peace in a post-civil war country. Contrary to the accepted wisdom, negotiated peace settlement, even when supported by peacekeeping operations or power-sharing arrangements, is not positively related to post-conflict peace.

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Civilian Casualties, Humanitarian Aid, and Insurgent Violence in Civil Wars

International Organization ◽

10.1017/s0020818319000262 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (4) ◽

pp. 901-926 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Jason Lyall

Keyword(s):

Civil Wars ◽

International Security ◽

Humanitarian Aid ◽

Humanitarian Assistance ◽

Percent Reduction ◽

Assistance Program ◽

Village Level ◽

Civilian Casualty ◽

International Security Assistance Force ◽

The Village

AbstractIndiscriminate violence against civilians has long been viewed as a catalyst for new rounds of violence in civil wars. Can humanitarian assistance reduce violence after civilians have been harmed? Crossnational studies are pessimistic, drawing a connection between humanitarian aid and increased civil war violence, lethality, and duration. To date, however, we have few subnational studies of wartime aid and subsequent violence. To examine this relationship, I draw on the Afghan Civilian Assistance Program (ACAP II), a USAID-funded initiative that investigated 1,061 civilian casualty incidents (2011–13). Aid was assigned as if randomly to about half (55.8%) of these incidents, facilitating counterfactual estimation of how assistance affected Taliban attacks against the International Security Assistance Force, Afghan forces, and civilians. Challenging prior studies, I find that ACAP was associated with an average 23 percent reduction in attacks against ISAF, but not Afghan forces or civilians, at the village level for up to two years after the initial incident.

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