Long-Term Gain, Short-Term Pain: Assessing the Potential Impact of Structural Reforms in Chile

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marika Santoro
Keyword(s):  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Potential Impact

Long-Term Interaction

2011 ◽  
pp. 169-183
Author(s):  
Christoph Haffner ◽  
Thorsten Völkel
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Interactive Television ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Potential Impact

This chapter introduces the application of concepts for long-term interaction to support long-term relationship in the interactive television (iTV) domain. While classical interaction concepts cover short-term interaction cycles only, theoretical models for long-term interaction and relationships deal with time periods exceeding the human short-term working memory. The user must be supported by memory cues to resume interrupted long-term interactions immediately. The iTV domain offers many long-term interaction scenarios in the context of establishing long-term relationships of recipients and broadcasters. The authors adopt concepts for long-term interaction towards iTV and develop a basic classification of long-term interaction. Three scenarios within the iTV domain illustrate the potential impact for the design of iTV applications.

Staff Background Paper for the G20 Surveillance Note - Priorities for Structural Reforms in G20 Countries

Policy Papers ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (43) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Product Market ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Market Reforms ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fiscal Space ◽  
Near Term

provide a powerful lift to growth—both in the short and the long term—if they are well aligned with individual country conditions . These include an economy’s level of development, its position in the economic cycle, and its available macroeconomic policy space to support reforms. The larger a country’s output gap, the more it should prioritize structural reforms that will support growth in the short term and the long term—such as product market deregulation and infrastructure investment. Macroeconomic support can help make reforms more effective, by bringing forward long-term gains or alleviating their short-term costs . Where monetary policy is becoming over-burdened, domestic policy coordination can help make macroeconomic support more effective. Fiscal space, where it exists, should be used to offset short-term costs of reforms. And where fiscal constraints are binding, budget-neutral reform packages with positive demand effects should take priority. Some structural reforms can themselves help generate fiscal space. For example, IMF research finds that by boosting output, product market deregulation can help lower the debt-to-GDP ratio over time. Formulating a medium-term plan that clarifies the long-term objectives of fiscal policy can also help increase near-term fiscal space. With nearly all G-20 economies operating at below-potential output, the IMF is recommending measures that both boost near-term growth and raise long-term potential growth. For example: ? In advanced economies, these measures include shifting public spending toward infrastructure investment (Australia, Canada, Germany, United States (US)); promoting product market reforms (Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Korea, Italy) and labor market reforms (Canada, Germany, Japan, Korea, United Kingdom (UK), US); and fiscal structural reforms (France, UK, US). Where there is fiscal space, lowering employment protection is also recommended (Korea). ? Recommendations for emerging markets (EMs) focus on raising public investment efficiency ( India, Saudi Arabia, South Africa), labor market reforms (Indonesia, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey), and product market reforms (China, Saudi Arabia, South Africa), which would boost investment and productivity within tighter budgetary constraints particularly if barriers to trade and FDI were eased (Brazil, India, Indonesia). Governance (China, South Africa) and other institutional reforms are also crucial. Where policy space is limited, adjusting the composition of fiscal policy can create space to support reforms ( Argentina, India, Mexico, Russia). ? Some commodity-exporting EMs (Brazil, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa) are facing acute challenges, with output significantly below potential and an urgent need to rebuild fiscal buffers. To bolster growth, Fund staff recommends product market and legal reforms to improve the business climate and investment; trade and FDI liberalization to facilitate diversification; and financial deepening to boost credit flows. IMF advice also aims to promote inclusiveness and macroeconomic resilience. The Fund recommends a targeted expansion of social spending toward vulnerable groups (Mexico), social spending for the elderly poor ( Korea), and upgrading social programs for the nonworking poor (US). Recommendations to bolster macrofinancial resilience include expanding the housing supply (UK), resolving the corporate debt overhang (China, Korea), coordinating a national approach to regulating and supervising life insurers (US), and reforming monetary frameworks (Argentina, China).

scholarly journals Comparative politics and causal evaluation of structural reforms: the case of the UK national minimum wage introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-314
Author(s):  
Thomas König ◽  
Guido Ropers ◽  
Anika Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Similar Treatment

AbstractIn comparative studies, causal evaluations attempt to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of structural reforms by counterfactually inspecting post-treatment effects. Yet, even if comparative scholars find similar treatment and comparison units, the interpretation of the post-treatment trajectory is difficult as short-term estimates can be subject to strategic timing of reform implementation, while long-term effects are likely affected by further interventions. To illustrate these difficulties we apply the generalized synthetic control method to evaluate the introduction of a British national minimum wage. We find a short-term decreasing effect on youth unemployment that turns into an increasing effect over time. This suggests the presence of an upward biased selection effect from strategic timing. We also inspect two post-treatment interventions and find that they differ in their general and country-specific implications for the long-term trajectory.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF STRUCTURAL AND COHESION FUNDS ON THE ECONOMY OF BIHOR COUNTY DURING 2007-2013 PROGRAMMING PERIOD

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (Special) ◽  
pp. 74-83
Author(s):  
Felix-Angel Popescu
Keyword(s):  
European Commission ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Policy Level ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Programming Period ◽  
The Impact

The author uses TIATOOL model simulations, in order to reveal the potential impact generated by the Romanian Operational Programs 2007-2013 funded projects in Bihor county, on a set of 34 socio-economic indicators, for which individual intensities and weights were estimated by the author, based on the actual numbers of projects, their scope and the amounts of money absorbed by project beneficiaries. The readers should not expect a high impact of Structural and Cohesion funds on the economy of Bihor county, on short term, because these funds, like the rest of community funds, have a very pronounced redistributive role, which means that the dimension of the necessary expenditures for the implementation of projects counterbalances its revenues dimension, the amortization of such investments being made on long term. The novelty of such research is the fact that the Community authorities (in this case the European Commission) investigate the impact of Community funds only at policy level (cohesion, regional development and employment, territorial cooperation) and only in a comparative spectrum between national and regional figures, and the Romanian authorities (the Ministry of European Funds, the Operational Programs Managing Authorities) carry out impact assessments only at national and regional level.

Armenia's long-term growth will need sustained reform

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Economic Market ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Remittance Flows ◽  
Economic And Financial Crisis

Subject The prospects for structural reform. Significance Armenia's sharp economic contraction in 2009, due to the global economic and financial crisis, should have encouraged the authorities to introduce the long-needed structural reforms that are essential for securing long-term sustainable growth. Armenia's prospects for moving towards a more dynamic economic market system that would help improve the population's well-being are limited. Impacts The main short-term downside risk is a sharper-than-expected contraction of the Russian economy in 2016 and weaker recovery in 2017. Russian weakness would harm Armenia's trade, investment and remittance flows. Failure to allow the private sector to develop more swiftly is discouraging Armenians abroad from returning. The lifting of sanctions on Iran will offer the opportunity to diversify investment and expand trade links. Failure to introduce reforms could lead to further protests against the elite, following the 'Electric Yerevan' demonstrations of mid-2015.

Trends and Future Prospects of Hedge Funds

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter M. Holzhauer
Keyword(s):  
Hedge Funds ◽  
Hedge Fund ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fund Managers ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Fund Industry

This chapter focuses on new trends in the hedge fund industry. The chapter begins by creating some historical context for the current perception and state of hedge funds. The remainder of this chapter focuses on the following trends and their potential impact on the industry: (1) growth in all areas of the industry, especially in terms of long-term capital flows from institutional investors; (2) uncertainty about growth in the short term; (3) ways hedge funds approach growth; (4) the need for more diversity among hedge fund managers, including more minorities and women; (5) diverging long-term objectives for larger and smaller hedge funds; (6) future cost savings to investors; (7) development of new investment options to address liquidity concerns for investors; (8) new regulations; and (9) the future role of technology in the hedge fund industry.

Investigation of Heavy Metals Content in Airborne Particles from Ploiesti, Romania

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 879-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania Iordache ◽  
Daniel Dunea ◽  
Cristiana Radulescu ◽  
Ioana Daniela Dulama ◽  
Radu Ianache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Potential Impact

This study aims to evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals in airborne particulate matter (PM) collected in Ploiesti city (Romania) during the monitoring campaigns performed in 2015. Various health effects of airborne PM, from less serious to very serious ones, are often associated with its chemical speciation. The heavy metals bounded on PM may accumulate in human body by inhalation and can produce both short-term and long-term negative health effects especially in children and sensitive people. We investigated several heavy metals associated with PM2.5 collected in 12 relevant sampling points to estimate their potential impact on urban population health. PM samples were collected on 37 mm quartz fiberglass filters using a precision optical instrument i.e., DustTrak DRX8533EP. The deposition of elements on the surface of samples was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The analysis and quantification of trace elements were performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The experiments indicated that samples of PM contained heavy metals in the following order Zn ] Ni ] Cr ] Pb ] As ] Cd. Monitoring of elemental composition in atmospheric particles can contribute to a better air quality management.

PARENTAL PREFERENCE FOR SONS AND DAUGHTERS IN A WESTERN INDUSTRIAL SETTING: EVIDENCE AND IMPLICATIONS

2007 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA KIPPEN ◽  
ANN EVANS ◽  
EDITH GRAY
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Sex Composition ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Parental Preference ◽  
Industrial Setting ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Over Time

SummaryThis paper considers whether sex composition of existing children in Australian families is an important factor in parity progression. Using census data from 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2001, women are linked with their co-resident children, allowing investigation of family sex composition and its changing impact over time on the propensity to have another child. The study finds that parents are much more likely to have a third and fourth birth if existing children are all of the same sex, indicating a strong preference for children of both sexes. This increased propensity has added around three per cent to the fertility of recent cohorts. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential impact of sex-selection technologies on fertility. The authors argue that future widespread use of reliable sex-selection technologies might act to increase fertility in the short term, but would lead to a long-term reduction in fertility.

Budgetary surveillance and long-term sustainability – How to account for implicit liabilities in the context of the Stability and Growth Pact and the underlying statistics?

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Burgtorf
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Rules ◽  
Stability And Growth Pact ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Statistical System ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Growth Pact ◽  
Creative Accounting ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Pension Liabilities

AbstractStrict fiscal rules do not necessarily hinder structural reforms, but consolidation efforts may also be required in the short term. The paper focuses on the treatment of implicit (pension) liabilities in the Stability and Growth Pact and the underlying accounting framework. The possible integration of implicit debt in the statistical system might (in theory) create positive incentives, but, in practice, is likely to worsen the outcome because of creative accounting or even manipulation. Attention is drawn to the need for reliable fiscal indicators to support longterm sustainability.

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