Annlisis De La Distribuciin Espacial De La Reducciin En La Demanda De Agua Potable Como Efecto De Pollticas De Ahorro En Su Consumo En El rea Metropolitana Del Valle De Aburrr (Analysis of Spatial Distribution of Water Demand as an Effect of Consumption Saving Politics in the Valle De Aburra Metropolitan Area)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Duque ◽  
Diana Carolina Gutierrez ◽  
Alejandro Betancourt ◽  
Jorge Patiio
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Consumption Saving

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SULFUR DETERMINED BY PIXE IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF THE MEXICO CITY METROPOLITAN AREA

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 207-215
Author(s):  
F. ALDAPE ◽  
J. FLORES M ◽  
J. FLORES A ◽  
A. RETAMA-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
O. RIVERA-HERNÁNDEZ
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Sampling Network

An extensive investigation, aimed to study the fine fraction of airborne particulate matter (FAPM) in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA), started in 2003, after the FAPM sampling network of the Environmental Secretariat of the Federal District Government (Secretaría del Medio Ambiente del Gobierno del Distrito Federal, SMA-GDF) was put into operation. Formerly, several research institutions in Mexico, in collaboration with the local government, made continuous efforts during the last two decades, in order to improve air quality in the MCMA. Samples have been collected using US-EPA designated samplers, following the same agency protocols. In this study, 922 samples were analyzed by PIXE in order to determine the elemental concentrations (ng/m3) of the FAPM. The samples were collected every three days by the Atmospheric Sampling Network (Red Automática de Monitoreo Atmosférico, RAMA) of the SMA-GDF, starting by the end of 2003 and along 2004 on three sites, and during the whole 2005 to the beginning of 2006 in seven stations, taking samples every six days during this last stage. The sample collection has continued up to date at the latter pace. The results obtained have allowed determining the sulfur (S) spatial distribution over the area, showing a reasonable uniformity in space, but well marked time variability. The S spatial distribution has also showed similar patterns between equivalent seasons from year to year, although not a strict periodicity. Compared to other elements found consistently in the samples, S is mainly distributed over the area by a large amount of mobile (mainly transportation) sources, fairly distributed over it, while other elements come from fixed sources located at industrial or urban areas. Comparisons were also made among the sampling sites, and among the three climatic seasons (drycold, dry-hot and rain) from year to year. Correlations between temporal variations of pairs of sampling sites were also calculated for S and other elements, in order to support these conclusions.

scholarly journals Exploring changes in water use patterns, demand and stress along the Nile River Basin through the lens of Kenya and Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1478
Author(s):  
Anne Wambui Mumbi ◽  
Li Fengting
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Nile Basin ◽  
Transboundary Water ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Water Use Patterns

Noting the geopolitical implications of water demand and stress issues on water resources worldwide, this study investigated water demand, changes in water use patterns and water stress developments in the Nile Basin transboundary water resource by comparing Egypt and Kenya. Using an integrative literature review, the study summarises past research, drawing overall conclusions and highlighting unresolved issues. The findings demonstrate increased water withdrawals and a growing unmet demand in both countries. In addition to changing water use patterns towards municipal and industrial use, hydropower development in Kenya and navigation in Egypt are being driven by factors such as heightened upstream use, population growth and settlement patterns, economic development and climate change. In addition, spatial distribution of water stress was demonstrated, whereby downstream countries such as Egypt remain critically vulnerable, although upper riparian countries such as Kenya are gradually also facing emerging water stress problems. This water stress and its spatial distribution are being driven by supply–demand imbalances related to population growth and economic development, escalating upstream water use, deteriorating water quality, inefficient and ineffective water use and climate change. The findings inform a discussion of the crucial socioeconomic, geopolitical and policy implications for riparian countries in the Nile Basin and other transboundary water resources worldwide.

Interactions and feedbacks between water availability and domestic consumption in São Paulo Metropolitan Area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Souza ◽  
Gabriela Gesualdo ◽  
Murugesu Sivapalan ◽  
Eduardo Mendiondo
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Domestic Consumption

<p>Water supply in large cities has challenged governments and water authorities because of the complexity involved in meeting water demands. The traditional challenges stem from the seasonality of precipitation and population growth. Although water resources management strategies assume potential scenarios for water demand growth to design water infrastructure, unexpected changes in the hydrological cycle may cause shocks to urban water supply systems and generate unanticipated patterns of consumption, such as occurred during the water crisis experienced by the São Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA) from 2014 to 2016. This work explores the coevolution of the coupled human-water system variables associated with the water supply system within the SPMA, from the late twentieth century to the present, to explain how water demand has influenced water availability, and vice-versa, in particular for the Cantareira Reservoir System. The challenges facing the human-water system in the region are of critical importance, given that it supplies water to more than 9 million people, and it supports economic activities that represent 12% of Brazil’s Gross Domestic Product. The analysis reveals that hydrological shifts are responsible for major structural transformations and they also have led to changes in domestic consumption. We conclude that modelling the interactions and feedbacks between water availability and consumption can provide more realistic storylines to implement strategies to address water scarcity than merely considering long-term demand scenarios, as it is normally done. In addition, policies implemented to promote water savings can have different responses at sub-regional scales and this can be explored also in the context of long-term scenarios.</p>

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