scholarly journals Exploring changes in water use patterns, demand and stress along the Nile River Basin through the lens of Kenya and Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1478
Author(s):  
Anne Wambui Mumbi ◽  
Li Fengting
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Nile Basin ◽  
Transboundary Water ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Water Use Patterns

Noting the geopolitical implications of water demand and stress issues on water resources worldwide, this study investigated water demand, changes in water use patterns and water stress developments in the Nile Basin transboundary water resource by comparing Egypt and Kenya. Using an integrative literature review, the study summarises past research, drawing overall conclusions and highlighting unresolved issues. The findings demonstrate increased water withdrawals and a growing unmet demand in both countries. In addition to changing water use patterns towards municipal and industrial use, hydropower development in Kenya and navigation in Egypt are being driven by factors such as heightened upstream use, population growth and settlement patterns, economic development and climate change. In addition, spatial distribution of water stress was demonstrated, whereby downstream countries such as Egypt remain critically vulnerable, although upper riparian countries such as Kenya are gradually also facing emerging water stress problems. This water stress and its spatial distribution are being driven by supply–demand imbalances related to population growth and economic development, escalating upstream water use, deteriorating water quality, inefficient and ineffective water use and climate change. The findings inform a discussion of the crucial socioeconomic, geopolitical and policy implications for riparian countries in the Nile Basin and other transboundary water resources worldwide.

scholarly journals Physical and virtual water transfers for regional water stress alleviation in China

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1031-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhao ◽  
Junguo Liu ◽  
Qingying Liu ◽  
Martin R. Tillotson ◽  
Dabo Guan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
National Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Transfer ◽  
Water Transfers ◽  
Provincial Level ◽  
Water Flows

Water can be redistributed through, in physical terms, water transfer projects and virtually, embodied water for the production of traded products. Here, we explore whether such water redistributions can help mitigate water stress in China. This study, for the first time to our knowledge, both compiles a full inventory for physical water transfers at a provincial level and maps virtual water flows between Chinese provinces in 2007 and 2030. Our results show that, at the national level, physical water flows because of the major water transfer projects amounted to 4.5% of national water supply, whereas virtual water flows accounted for 35% (varies between 11% and 65% at the provincial level) in 2007. Furthermore, our analysis shows that both physical and virtual water flows do not play a major role in mitigating water stress in the water-receiving regions but exacerbate water stress for the water-exporting regions of China. Future water stress in the main water-exporting provinces is likely to increase further based on our analysis of the historical trajectory of the major governing socioeconomic and technical factors and the full implementation of policy initiatives relating to water use and economic development. Improving water use efficiency is key to mitigating water stress, but the efficiency gains will be largely offset by the water demand increase caused by continued economic development. We conclude that much greater attention needs to be paid to water demand management rather than the current focus on supply-oriented management.

Dry season water use patterns underGuiera senegalensisL. shrubs in a tropical savanna

1998 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R Gaze ◽  
Joost Brouwer ◽  
Lester P Simmonds ◽  
John Bromley
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Tropical Savanna ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Water Use Patterns

Water-use patterns of tall fescue and hybrid bluegrass cultivars subjected to ET-based irrigation scheduling

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 377-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard J. M. Githinji ◽  
Jacob H. Dane ◽  
Robert H. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Water Use Patterns

scholarly journals Modelling global water stress of the recent past: on the relative importance of trends in water demand and climate variability

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3785-3808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Wada ◽  
L. P. H. van Beek ◽  
M. F. P. Bierkens
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Blue Water ◽  
Global Population

Abstract. During the past decades, human water use has more than doubled, yet available freshwater resources are finite. As a result, water scarcity has been prevalent in various regions of the world. Here, we present the first global assessment of past development of water stress considering not only climate variability but also growing water demand, desalinated water use and non-renewable groundwater abstraction over the period 1960–2001 at a spatial resolution of 0.5°. Agricultural water demand is estimated based on past extents of irrigated areas and livestock densities. We approximate past economic development based on GDP, energy and household consumption and electricity production, which are subsequently used together with population numbers to estimate industrial and domestic water demand. Climate variability is expressed by simulated blue water availability defined by freshwater in rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs by means of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB. We thus define blue water stress by comparing blue water availability with corresponding net total blue water demand by means of the commonly used, Water Scarcity Index. The results show a drastic increase in the global population living under water-stressed conditions (i.e. moderate to high water stress) due to growing water demand, primarily for irrigation, which has more than doubled from 1708/818 to 3708/1832 km3 yr−1 (gross/net) over the period 1960–2000. We estimate that 800 million people or 27% of the global population were living under water-stressed conditions for 1960. This number is eventually increased to 2.6 billion or 43% for 2000. Our results indicate that increased water demand is a decisive factor for heightened water stress in various regions such as India and North China, enhancing the intensity of water stress up to 200%, while climate variability is often a main determinant of extreme events. However, our results also suggest that in several emerging and developing economies (e.g. India, Turkey, Romania and Cuba) some of past extreme events were anthropogenically driven due to increased water demand rather than being climate-induced.

scholarly journals Water Use Patterns of Sympatric Przewalski’s Horse and Khulan: Interspecific Comparison Reveals Niche Differences

PLoS ONE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. e0132094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjun Zhang ◽  
Qing S. Cao ◽  
Daniel I. Rubenstein ◽  
Sen Zang ◽  
Melissa Songer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Interspecific Comparison ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Niche Differences ◽  
Water Use Patterns ◽  
Przewalski's Horse ◽  
Przewalski’S Horse

Root System and Water Use Patterns of Different Height Sunflower Cultivars

2002 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangamesh V. Angadi ◽  
Martin H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Water Use Patterns

Functional Differences in Water-Use Patterns of Contrasting Life Forms in Great Basin Steppelands

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Ryel ◽  
A. Joshua Leffler ◽  
Carolyn Ivans ◽  
Michael S. Peek ◽  
Martyn M. Caldwell
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Great Basin ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Functional Differences ◽  
Water Use Patterns
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