scholarly journals Selection into Labor Force and Gender Unemployment Gaps

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena Bicakova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
And Gender

Development and Gender-Linked Economic Inequality in the Era of Globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-324
Author(s):  
Moshe Semyonov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
High Status ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

This paper focuses on the relations between development and gender disparities in labor market outcomes in the era of globalization. Within a cross-national comparative framework, the article examines the relations between development and globalization and three aspects of gender-linked disparities (women's labor force participation, gender occupational differentiation, and gender pay gap) at two time points: 1990 and 2015. The data reveal patterns in the relationship between development, globalization, and each dimension of gender inequality. First, development but not globalization tends to increase women's labor force participation. Second, development is likely to reduce gender occupational segregation. But the effect is indirect; it is transmitted via the increased number of economically active women. Third, less gender occupational segregation does not necessarily mean greater occupational equality; high female labor force participation is likely to reduce women's likelihood of employment in high-status professional and managerial occupations. Fourth, gender occupational inequality appears to be one of the sources of a country's gender pay gap; the pay disparity between men and women tends to be greater in countries where gender occupational inequality is high. A model that summarizes the complex relations among development, globalization, and the various dimensions of gender-linked economic activity and inequality is proposed and discussed.

scholarly journals Women in the Labor Force

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fruttero ◽  
Daniel Gurara ◽  
Lisa Kolovich ◽  
Vivian Malta ◽  
Marina Mendes Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
And Gender

Despite the increase in female labor force participation over the past three decades, women still do not have the same opportunities as men to participate in economic activities in most countries. The average female labor force participation rate across countries is still 20 percentage points lower than the male rate, and gender gaps in wages and access to education persist. As shown by earlier work, including by the IMF, greater gender equality boosts economic growth and leads to better development and social outcomes. Gender equality is also one of the 17 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals that 193 countries committed to achieve by 2030.

scholarly journals Masking Real Unemployment: The Overall and Racial Impact of Survey Non-Response on Measured Labor Market Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yixia Cai ◽  
Dean Baker
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Labor Market Outcomes ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Market Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

A large and growing percentage of households are missed in the monthly Current Population Survey (CPS). For the survey as a whole, the rate of nonresponse is roughly 13 percent. This is higher for Blacks, with the share for young Black men being about 30 percent. The BLS’s current methodology effectively assumes that, with adjustment for various characteristics, people who are not included in a follow-up survey may not differ systematically from those who are included. The present paper, however, provides evidence that this may not be the case. With the rotation panel structure of the CPS data from 2003 to 2019, we investigate bias from nonresponse in CPS and its association with one’s prior labor market status, paying particular attention to how the relationship differs by race, ethnicity, and gender. Our analysis suggests that people are considerably more likely to be missing in a subsequent observation if they are unemployed or not in the labor force in the prior observation. We also estimate what the real labor market outcomes might have been when adjusting for nonresponse and undercoverage. Findings indicate that the current methodology may underestimate the national unemployment and labor force participation rates by about 0.7 and 1.2 percentage points, respectively. The gap between observed and adjusted unemployment rates tends to grow beginning in 2015. The unemployment rate is more understated for Blacks than for whites, particularly with a gap of about 3.3 percentage points for young Black men (age 16 to 34).

scholarly journals Mothers, Peers, and Gender-Role Identity

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 266-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Olivetti ◽  
Eleonora Patacchini ◽  
Yves Zenou
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
Work Behavior ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Gender Role Identity ◽  
Family Responsibilities ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We study whether a woman’s labor supply as a young adult is shaped by the work behavior of her adolescent peers’ mothers. Using detailed information on a sample of U.S. teenagers who are followed over time, we find that labor force participation of high school peers’ mothers affects adult women’s labor force participation, above and beyond the effect of their own mothers. The analysis suggests that women who were exposed to a larger number of working mothers during adolescence are less likely to feel that work interferes with family responsibilities. This perception, in turn, is important for whether they work when they have children.

scholarly journals The Spatial and Career Mobility of China's Urban and Rural Labor Force

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 135-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingxin Hao ◽  
Yucheng Liang
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Career Advancement ◽  
Career Mobility ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Spatial Mobility ◽  
Rural Labor ◽  
Force Dynamics ◽  
Chinese Labor ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Migratory Experience

ABSTRACTIn this article, we provide a comprehensive examination of the spatial and career mobility of China's labor population. We integrate theories on stratification and social change and exploit the innovative design and measurement of the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey to minimize the undercoverage problem of the rural-urban migratory experience. Our analysis provides several fresh findings: (1) at-birth rural household registration (hukou) status leads to a greater probability of spatial mobility and career advancement than at-birth urban hukou status does; (2) education and gender differentiates rural-origin people, increasing the heterogeneity of urban labor and decreasing the heterogeneity of rural labor; (3) hukou policy relaxation favors later cohorts over earlier cohorts; and (4) among demographically comparable people, having experienced spatial mobility is correlated with having career advancement experience. Work organizations are found to be the arena where the two dimensions of mobility can happen jointly. Our findings provide a rich context for understanding the management and organization of Chinese labor.

Age and Gender Patterns of Sport Involvement among the Swiss Labor Force

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Lamprecht ◽  
Hanspeter Stamm
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
Gender Patterns ◽  
And Gender

Under the influence of the Sport for All movement the sport system in Switzerland has changed. Sport has become a leisure-time activity for an increasing number of people and has gained new meanings and forms. Many traditional limitations to participation appear to have been removed. By focusing on gender and age, this study, based on a survey of 1,103 employees, explores the extent to which particularisms and inequalities in contemporary recreational Swiss sport still exist. Although the involvement in sport by men and women, and involvement of different age groups, are quite similar in terms of frequency, their forms and meanings remain different. Using correspondence analysis we identify different sports fields and different sporting patterns by gender and age in terms of motives, places, and activities.

Women and Employment in Tunisia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-359
Author(s):  
Valentine M. Moghadam
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Work Conditions ◽  
Employment Patterns ◽  
State Feminism ◽  
Economic Participation ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Labor Force Attachment

Tunisia's legacy of “state feminism” and its strong civil society—including human rights, labor, and women's rights organizations—have placed Tunisian women in advance of their Arab sisters, and women are present across an array of professions and occupations. Still, most Tunisian women remain outside the labor force, face precarious forms of employment, or are unemployed. This article examines women's employment patterns, problems, and prospects in the light of an untoward economic environment, conservative social norms, and feminist advocacy. Drawing on interview and documentary data, and informed by feminist political economy and institutionalism, it highlights the importance of institutional supports for working mothers and improved work conditions to encourage more female economic participation and stronger labor-force attachment and thus to weaken patriarchal attitudes and values. The paper points to the need for both class-based and gender-based policies with respect to women's economic participation and rights.

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