An Empirical Analysis on Racial Bias in Crime Reporting to Law Enforcement: The Case of Public Schools

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Gilpin
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Crime Reporting

Empirical analysis of market boundaries in telecommunications

2019 ◽  
pp. 90-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia S. Pavlova ◽  
Andrey Е. Shastitko
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
End Users ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Empirical Approach ◽  
Antitrust Law ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
Loss Analysis ◽  
E Mail

The article deals with the problem of determining market boundaries for antitrust law enforcement in the field of telecommunications. An empirical approach has been proposed for determining the product boundaries of the market in the area of mass distribution of messages, taking into account the comparative characteristics of the types and methods of notification (informing) of end users; the possibilities of switching from one way of informing to another, including the evolution of such opportunities under the influence of technological changes; switching between different notification methods. Based on the use of surveys of customers of sending SMS messages, it is shown that the product boundaries should include not only sending messages via SMS, but also e-mail, instant messengers, Push notifications and voice information. The paper illustrates the possibilities of applying the method of critical loss analysis to determining the boundaries of markets based on a mixture of surveys and economic modeling.

Immigrant Sanctuary Policies and Crime-Reporting Behavior: A Multilevel Analysis of Reports of Crime Victimization to Law Enforcement, 1980 to 2004

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-185
Author(s):  
Ricardo D. Martínez-Schuldt ◽  
Daniel E. Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Immigrant Community ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Reporting Behavior

Sanctuary jurisdictions have existed in the United States since the 1980s. They have recently reentered U.S. politics and engendered contentious debates regarding their legality and influence on public safety. Critics argue that sanctuary jurisdictions create conditions that threaten local communities by impeding federal immigration enforcement efforts. Proponents maintain that the policies improve public safety by fostering institutional trust among immigrant communities and by increasing the willingness of immigrant community members to notify the police after they are victimized. In this study, we situate expectations from the immigrant sanctuary literature within a multilevel, contextualized help-seeking framework to assess how crime-reporting behavior varies across immigrant sanctuary contexts. We find that Latinos are more likely to report violent crime victimization to law enforcement after sanctuary policies have been adopted within their metropolitan areas of residence. We argue that social policy contexts can shift the nature of help-seeking experiences and eliminate barriers that undermine crime victims’ willingness to mobilize the law. Overall, this study highlights the unique role social policy contexts can serve in structuring victims’ help-seeking decisions.

scholarly journals Black and White Lies: Race-Based Biases in Deception Judgments

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paige Lloyd ◽  
Kurt Hugenberg ◽  
Allen R. McConnell ◽  
Jonathan W. Kunstman ◽  
Jason C. Deska
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Intergroup Communication ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Truth Bias ◽  
Practical Implications

In six studies ( N = 605), participants made deception judgments about videos of Black and White targets who told truths and lies about interpersonal relationships. In Studies 1a, 1b, 1c, and 2, White participants judged that Black targets were telling the truth more often than they judged that White targets were telling the truth. This truth bias was predicted by Whites’ motivation to respond without prejudice. For Black participants, however, motives to respond without prejudice did not moderate responses (Study 2). In Study 3, we found similar effects with a manipulation of the targets’ apparent race. Finally, in Study 4, we used eye-tracking techniques to demonstrate that Whites’ truth bias for Black targets is likely the result of late-stage correction processes: Despite ultimately judging that Black targets were telling the truth more often than White targets, Whites were faster to fixate on the on-screen “lie” response box when targets were Black than when targets were White. These systematic race-based biases have important theoretical implications (e.g., for lie detection and improving intergroup communication and relations) and practical implications (e.g., for reducing racial bias in law enforcement).

scholarly journals Socio-demographic variables and crime reporting attitude in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Odey ◽  
O. Odee Ojong ◽  
A. M. Ogaboh Agba ◽  
F. Eja Ojong ◽  
Josephat O. Emeka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

The complexity involved in combating crime in different regions of the world makes information sharing fundamental in crime management. Unfortunately, crime victims, who should be in the frontline of providing this information to law enforcement agents are often lethargic and lackadaisical in doing so, owing to no fault of theirs. Thus, this paper explored the convergence between socio-demographic variables and crime reporting in Nigeria. Empirically, the study examined the relationship between the attitude of law enforcement agents, location of the crime, nature of the crime, and attitude to crime reporting. Mixed methods, including a cross-sectional survey and in-depth interview, was used to collect data from 1112 respondents through a multi-stage sampling technique. The quantitative data were analysed using simple linear regression; while, the qualitative data collected were analysed in themes as a complement to the quantitative data. Findings revealed that attitudes of law enforcement agents, crime location and nature of crime significantly affect attitude to crime reporting in the study area. The study concludes that there is a connection between selected socio-demographic variables such as attitudes of law enforcement agents, crime location, nature of crime and attitude to crime reporting. It was, therefore, recommended that law enforcement officers who fail to abide by the ethics of their profession and the standard procedure governing their interaction with both complainants and suspects should be severely sanctioned. Besides, law enforcement officers should be trained and re-trained in such areas as public relations and professional ethics guiding their operations

scholarly journals Theoretical Applications of the MODE Model to Law Enforcement Training and Interventions

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 604-611
Author(s):  
Keith L. Zabel ◽  
Kevin L. Zabel ◽  
Michael A. Olson ◽  
Jessica H. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Police Officer ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Racial Prejudice ◽  
Law Enforcement Training ◽  
Media Messages

As discussed in the focal article, numerous research studies have supported the existence of automatic or implicit racial bias (Ruggs et al., 2016). In this commentary, we argue that examining implicit bias through the perspective of the motivation and opportunity as determinants (MODE) model (see Fazio & Olson, 2014, for a review) offers a framework for industrial–organizational (I-O) psychologists to design and implement strategies that reduce the number of violent interactions between police and communities. The MODE model has been applied to areas such as interpersonal relationships (McNulty, Olson, Meltzer, & Shaffer, 2013), effective treatment of mental disorders (Vasey, Harbaugh, Buffington, Jones, & Fazio, 2012), and crafting of media messages (Ewoldsen, Rhodes, & Fazio, 2015), as well as racial prejudice (Olson & Fazio, 2004). Below, we elaborate on how the I-O-related strategies and interventions described in the focal article can be captured by the components of the MODE model and highlight which interventions may be most efficacious in reducing discriminatory police officer behavior.

scholarly journals Technology Producers Use Of Language And Discourse To Shape And Reinstate Anti-Black Global Realities: An Analysis Of Amazon’s Facial Recognition Technology Communications And Responses To Racial Bias In Rekognition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
American Law ◽  
Relations Of Power ◽  
Important Site

As of 2016, one in two American adults could be found in at least one American law enforcement face recognition network (Garvie, Bedoya & Frankle, 2016). Racial bias in facial recognition technology is an important site of study as technology is largely conceived by public and state actors as neutral and democratic in nature, exempt from the biases and prejudices of human life (Noble, 2018). This study will trace the ways in which Amazon’s responses to claims of racial bias in Rekognition and FRT general descriptions allow race and existing relations of power to manifest and persist. This study employs a critical discourse analysis to argue that Amazon works to obscure racial bias in both development and application of FRTs in law enforcement. Amazon also enables what I refer to as discourses of racial neutrality which, allows Amazon to deem any racially biased FRT outcomes as a "glitch in the system" that has nothing to do with race, despite decades of evidence proving otherwise.

scholarly journals Digital Apprehensions: Policing, Child Pornography, and the Algorithmic Management of Innocence

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitali Thakor
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Child Pornography ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Distributed Network ◽  
Detection Algorithms ◽  
Defining Relation ◽  
Computer Scientists

In this paper, I discuss the embodied labor of policing child pornography through the ways in which algorithms and human reviewers like Linda see abuse images. I employ the concept of “apprehension” to suggest that the ways that reviewers “see” child pornography is always already oriented toward the capture and arrest of suspected offenders. As I have argued elsewhere (Author 2017; Forthcoming), the use of new digital techniques to find child pornography has fundamentally transformed and expanded policing into a distributed network of labor increasingly done by computer scientists and technology companies. Rather than suggest new software is the cause of these transformations, I draw attention to the constitutive and mutually defining relation between computing and corporeality, or how image detection algorithms need the work of human perception to put their detective skills to work.            I argue further still that the case study of child pornography detection offers an entry point into examining the algorithmic management of race. I suggest that childhood innocence is coded as whiteness, and whiteness as innocence, in the algorithmic detection of victims and abusers. By taking ‘detection’ as a dynamic practice between human and machine, I make an intervention into critical algorithm studies that have tended to focus solely on the programming of racial bias into software. The algorithmic detection of child pornography hinges, crucially, upon practice and the tacit observation of human reviewers, whose instinctual feelings about child protection and offender apprehension become embedded within the reviewing and reporting process as cases escalate for law enforcement.

From Impressions to Intentions: Direct and Indirect Effects of Police Contact on Willingness to Report Crimes to Law Enforcement

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andres F. Rengifo ◽  
Lee Ann Slocum ◽  
Vijay Chillar
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Crime Reporting ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Police Contact ◽  
Willingness To Report ◽  
Reporting Intentions

Objectives: Crime reporting intentions have been associated with ratings of police legitimacy and effectiveness. Less is known about the role of personal encounters with police. We explore this issue by specifying associations between reporting intentions and type of contact (involuntary/voluntary), scope (cumulative/recent), and appraisal (respect/satisfaction with last encounter). Methods: This study draws on surveys of young adults in New York City ( N = 508) and uses structural equation modeling to examine correlates of crime reporting intentions. Results: Respondents with more stops are less willing to report, and this effect is both direct and indirect, operating primarily via legitimacy. The association between reporting intentions and variety of voluntary contacts is direct and positive. Negative appraisals of recent stops are associated with lower reporting intentions but only indirectly; feelings of disrespect in recent stops are mediated by perceptions of legitimacy. Dissatisfaction with a recent voluntary contact is related to negative views of police effectiveness, but effectiveness does not shape reporting intentions. Instead, disrespectful voluntary contact has a direct negative relationship with reporting attitudes. Conclusion: The results underscore the importance of better-specifying contact with the police, as reporting intentions and related perceptions of law enforcement vary across experience and appraisal mechanisms.

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