Development in Soil Survey; History of Geomorphology and Soil Landscape Projects

Soil Horizons ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
W. D. Nettleton ◽  
W. C. Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Survey ◽  
Soil Landscape ◽  
History Of

History of the Soil Survey Laboratories

2008 ◽  
pp. 65-100
Author(s):  
Klaus W. Flach ◽  
C. Steven Holzhey
Keyword(s):  
Soil Survey ◽  
History Of

Soil classification in New Zealand - Legacy and lessons

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
AE Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
Regional Correlation ◽  
Reconnaissance Survey ◽  
Soil Landscape ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intensive Land Use ◽  
Made In

A brief review of the history of soil classification in New Zealand is made in order to place the most recent work in its historical context. The first comprehensive system was inspired by the Russian concepts of zonality, and was published as the New Zealand Genetic Soil Classification by Taylor in 1948. It may be regarded as a grand soil-landscape model that related soil classes to environmental factors. Although successful in stimulating the reconnaissance survey of New Zealand soils, it failed to support the requirements of more intensive land use. Soil Taxonomy was tested as an alternative modem system for a period of 5 years but was found to make inadequate provision for important classes of New Zealand soils. The New Zealand Soil Classification was developed using many of the features of Soil Taxonomy while preserving successful parts of the New Zealand Genetic Soil Classification. Historical lessons include the increasing importance of electronic databases and regional correlation, the importance of nomenclature, the necessity of a national system and the divorce of soil classification from soil-landscape modelling.

Distribution and causes of intricate saline - sodic soil patterns in an upland South Australian hillslope

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Thomas ◽  
R. W. Fitzpatrick ◽  
G. S. Heinson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Survey ◽  
Terrain Analysis ◽  
Topographic Wetness Index ◽  
Sodic Soil ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Landscape Processes ◽  
Surface Water Flow ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Soil Landscape ◽  
D Loop

We describe a soil–landscape investigation conducted in a South Australian upland hillslope (128 ha) to understand the distribution and causes of saline–sodic soil patterns using convenient, ground-based geophysical surveys of the hillslope. These surveys included: (i) EM31 for deep (~6 m) apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) patterns, (ii) EM38 for shallow (>1.5 m) ECa patterns, and (iii) Bartington MS2-D loop sensor for surface volume magnetic susceptibility (κ) patterns. From these surveys we inferred hillslope distributions of: (i) deep (~6 m) concentrations of salinity associated with deep groundwater systems and deposits of magnetic gravels (dominated by maghemite and hematite) (EM31 sensor); (ii) shallow (<1.5 m) soil salinity (EM38 sensor); and (iii) preservation of pedogenic magnetic materials (e.g. maghemite and hematite) (MS2-D loop sensor). We also describe terrain analysis to locate near-surface hydropedological patterns using topographic wetness index. When combined in 3D geographic information system, strong visual matches were identified between patterns in: (i) geophysical surveys, (ii) terrain, and (iii) soil survey data, thus allowing integrated interpretations of soil–landscape pedogenic processes to be made on a whole-of-landscape basis. Such mechanistic interpretations of soil–landscape processes reveal and map intricate saline and sodic soil–regolith patterns and groundwater and fresh surface water flow paths that were not revealed during a previous traditional soil survey.

Profiles in the History of the U.S. Soil Survey

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-627
Author(s):  
Philip L. Frana
Keyword(s):  
Soil Survey ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

History of Soil Survey

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-18
Author(s):  
Lia Matchavariani ◽  
Besik Kalandadze
Keyword(s):  
Soil Survey ◽  
History Of

Quantitative soil - landscape models for the Haldon and Hurunui soil sets, New Zealand

Soil Research ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Schmidt ◽  
Phil Tonkin ◽  
Allan Hewitt
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Fuzzy Classification ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Landscape Models ◽  
Soil Landscape ◽  
Landscape Units

Limited resources and large areas of steeplands with limited field access forced soil and land resource surveyors in New Zealand often to develop generalised models of soil–landscape relationships and to use these to produce soil maps by manual interpretation of aerial photographs and field survey. This method is subjective and non-reproducible. Recent studies showed the utility of digital information and analysis to complement manual soil survey. The study presents quantitative soil–landscape models for the Hurunui and Haldon soil sets (New Zealand), developed from conceptual soil–landscape models. Spatial modelling techniques, including terrain analysis and fuzzy classification, are applied to compute membership maps of landform components for the study areas. The membership maps can be used to derive a ‘hard’ classification of land components and uncertainty maps. A soil taxonomic model is developed based on field data (soil profiles), which attaches dominant soil profiles and soil properties, including their uncertainties, to the defined land components. The method presented in this study is proposed as a potential technique for modelling land components of steepland areas in New Zealand, in which the spatial soil variation is dominantly controlled by landform properties. A soil map was developed that includes the uncertainty in the fundamental definitions of landscape units and the variability of soil properties within landscape units.

scholarly journals An expert system for allocating soils to landforms through the application of soil survey tacit knowledge

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. MacMillan ◽  
W. W. Pettapiece ◽  
J. A. Brierley
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Rule Base ◽  
Landscape Models ◽  
Soil Landscape ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Soil survey is a paradigm-based science that relies heavily on the application of conceptual soil-landscape models, which in turn are based upon tacit pedological knowledge. This tacit knowledge is generally acquired by systematic field observation and recording the relationships between the occurrence of soils and associated landform positions. Soil survey databases identify the types of soils within a delineated area but they do not generally describe the relationship of specific soils with specific landscape positions. A case in point is the recently completed 1:100 000 scale soil landscape database prepared for the agricultural region of Alberta, Canada. In order to utilize this database with various interpretative algorithms a procedure for allocating soils to specific landform positions needed to be developed. The development of this procedure initially involved capturing the local tacit pedological knowledge in a series of tables and programs. The procedure was then applied to the Alberta soil survey database to automatically assign soils to landform positions and then to assign specific slope characteristics to the individual soils. The resulting soil-landform product was more useable than the original data for input to land based process models. Key words: Soil survey, tacit knowledge, soil-landscape modeling, heuristic rule base, predictive mapping

A history of soil classification and soil survey in Canada: Personal perspectives

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwin W. Anderson ◽  
C. A. Scott Smith
Keyword(s):  
Current System ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Soil Survey ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soil Information ◽  
Personal Perspectives ◽  
Land Inventory ◽  
Soil Surveys ◽  
Hard Cover

Anderson, D. W. and Smith, C. A. S. 2011. A history of soil classification and soil survey in Canada: Personal perspectives. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 675–694. This paper presents an overview of soil classification and soil survey in Canada based on both historical documentation and the personal experiences and perspectives of the two authors. The first soil surveys in Canada beginning in Ontario in 1914 are described along with the earliest systems of soil classification. The roots of the current system of soil classification in Canada can be traced back to the establishment of the first meeting of the National Soil Survey Committee (later the Canada Soil Survey Committee) held in Ottawa in 1945. The Committee met every 2 to 3 years and a hard-cover “first” edition, “The Canadian System of Soil Classification” was published in 1978 and a slightly revised second edition in 1987. The third edition (1998) includes a more complete key and a tenth order, the Vertisolic Order. The four to five decades starting in the late 1940s were the glory years for soil survey in Canada, with well-funded and productive programs in all provinces and territories, with major outputs like the Canada Land Inventory. The period between mid 1990s and 2010 saw declining activity in new field survey and reductions in staff levels by government agencies, but a rise in private sector soil survey, largely for environmental assessment purposes. There is a renewed and on-going interest in and need for soil information. The challenge for pedologists is to provide reliable information in innovative and proactive ways.

History of Nebraska Soil Survey

Soil Horizons ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Norm Heizer ◽  
Jim Culver
Keyword(s):  
Soil Survey ◽  
History Of
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