Splashboards: A simple field and classroom demonstration of splash erosion

1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-118
Author(s):  
P. A. McDaniel ◽  
R. C. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Splash Erosion

The methodological approach for the determination of the pressure of artificial raindrops as a question of the theory of splash soil erosion

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
Mihail Zver'kov
Keyword(s):  
Block Diagram ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Effective Pressure ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Rain Drops ◽  
Artificial Rain ◽  
The Impact

To the article the results of the theoretical and experimental researches are given on questions of estimates of the dynamic rate effect of raindrop impact on soil. The aim of this work was to analyze the current methods to determine the rate of artificial rain pressure on the soil for the assessment of splash erosion. There are the developed author’s method for calculation the pressure of artificial rain on the soil and the assessment of splash erosion. The study aims to the justification of evaluation methods and the obtaining of quantitative characteristics, prevention and elimination of accelerated (anthropogenic) erosion, the creation and the realization of the required erosion control measures. The paper considers the question of determining the pressure of artificial rain on the soil. At the moment of raindrops impact, there is the tension in the soil, which is called vertical effective pressure. It is noted that the impact of rain drops in the soil there are stresses called vertical effective pressure. The equation for calculation of vertical effective pressure is proposed in this study using the known spectrum of raindrops. Effective pressure was 1.4 Pa for the artificial rain by sprinkler machine «Fregat» and 5.9 Pa for long distance sprinkler DD-30. The article deals with a block diagram of the sequence for determining the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. This diagram was created by the author’s method of calculation of the effective pressure of rain drops on the soil. The need for an integrated approach to the description of the artificial rain impact on the soil is noted. Various parameters characterizing drop erosion are considered. There are data about the mass of splashed soil in the irrigation of various irrigation machinery and installations. For example, the rate (mass) of splashed soil was 0.28…0.78 t/ha under irrigation sprinkler apparatus RACO 4260–55/701C in the conditions of the Ryazan region. The method allows examining the environmental impact of sprinkler techniques for analyzes of the pressure, caused by raindrops, on the soil. It can also be useful in determining the irrigation rate before the runoff for different types of sprinkler equipment and soil conditions.

SfM‐MVS Photogrammetry for Splash Erosion Monitoring under Natural Rainfall

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Laburda ◽  
Josef Krása ◽  
David Zumr ◽  
Jan Devátý ◽  
Michal Vrána ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Natural Rainfall

Usability of Water-Sensitive Papers (WSPs) for Assessing Splash Erosion

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-791
Author(s):  
Serdar Sari ◽  
Taşkın Öztaş
Keyword(s):  
Splash Erosion

Wind-splash erosion of bare peat on UK upland moorlands

CATENA ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 191-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Warburton
Keyword(s):  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Bare Peat

scholarly journals Thermal shock and splash effects on burned gypseous soils from the Ebro Basin (NE Spain)

Solid Earth ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. León ◽  
M. Seeger ◽  
D. Badía ◽  
P. Peters ◽  
M. T. Echeverría
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Soil Water Retention ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Natural Factor ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Ebro Valley ◽  
Ne Spain

Abstract. Fire is a natural factor of landscape evolution in Mediterranean ecosystems. The middle Ebro Valley has extreme aridity, which results in a low plant cover and high soil erodibility, especially on gypseous substrates. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of moderate heating on physical and chemical soil properties, mineralogical composition and susceptibility to splash erosion. Topsoil samples (15 cm depth) were taken in the Remolinos mountain slopes (Ebro Valley, NE Spain) from two soil types: Leptic Gypsisol (LP) in a convex slope and Haplic Gypsisol (GY) in a concave slope. To assess the heating effects on the mineralogy we burned the soils at 105 and 205 °C in an oven and to assess the splash effects we used a rainfall simulator under laboratory conditions using undisturbed topsoil subsamples (0–5 cm depth of Ah horizon). LP soil has lower soil organic matter (SOM) and soil aggregate stability (SAS) and higher gypsum content than GY soil. Gypsum and dolomite are the main minerals (>80%) in the LP soil, while gypsum, dolomite, calcite and quartz have similar proportions in GY soil. Clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) are scarce in both soils. Heating at 105 °C has no effect on soil mineralogy. However, heating to 205 °C transforms gypsum to bassanite, increases significantly the soil salinity (EC) in both soil units (LP and GY) and decreases pH only in GY soil. Despite differences in the content of organic matter and structural stability, both soils show no significant differences (P < 0.01) in the splash erosion rates. The size of pores is reduced by heating, as derived from variations in soil water retention capacity.

Testing the impacts of wildfire on hydrological and sediment response using the OpenLISEM model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfeng Wu ◽  
João Pedro Nunes ◽  
Jantiene E. M. Baartman
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Fire Occurrence ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Erosion Risk ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Event Based

&lt;p&gt;Wildfires have become a major concern to society in recent decades because increases in the number and severity of wildfires have negative effects on soil and water resources, especially in headwater areas. Models are typically applied to estimate the potential adverse effects of fire. However, few modeling studies have been conducted for meso-scale catchments, and only a fraction of these studies include transport and deposition of eroded material within the catchment or represent spatial erosion patterns. In this study, we firstly designed the procedure of event-based automatic calibration using PEST, parameters ensemble, and jack-knife cross-validation that is suitable for event-based OpenLISEM calibration and validation, especially in data-scarce burned areas. The calibrated and validated OpenLISEM proved capable of providing reasonable accurate predictions of hydrological responses and sediment yields in this burned catchment. Then the model was applied with design storms of six different return periods (0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 years) to simulate and evaluate pre- and post-wildfire hydrological and erosion responses at the catchment scale. Our results show rainfall amount and intensity play a more important role than fire occurrence in the catchment water discharge and sediment yields, while fire occurrence is regarded as an important factor for peak water discharge, indicating that high post-fire hydro-sedimentary responses are frequently related to extreme rainfall events. The results also suggest a partial shift from flow to splash erosion after fire, especially for higher return periods, explained by a combination of higher splash erosion in burnt upstream areas with a limited sediment transport capacity of surface runoff, preventing flow erosion in downstream areas. In consequence, the pre-fire erosion risk in the croplands of this catchment is partly shifted to a post-fire erosion risk in upper slope forest and natural areas, especially for storms with lower return periods, although erosion risks in croplands are important both before and after fires. This is relevant, as a shift of sediment sources to burnt areas might lead to downstream contamination even if sediment yields remain small. These findings have significant implications to identify areas for post-wildfire stabilization and rehabilitation, which is particularly important given the predicted increase in the occurrence of fires and extreme rainfall events with climate change.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Effect of row width on splash erosion and throughfall in silage maize crops

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Brant ◽  
P. Zábranský ◽  
M. Škeříková ◽  
J. Pivec ◽  
M. Kroulík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Plant Length

Line width is one of the major factors affecting arable soil erosion. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of different row spacing on splash erosion and throughfall in maize crops. Field measurements of the throughfall (P<sub>th</sub>, mm) and splash erosion (MSR, g/m<sup>2</sup>) were carried out in silage maize crops (row spacing 0.45 and 0.75 m) in 2012–2014. The BBCH growth stages for the crops, plant length (L, m), and leaf area index (LAI) were evaluated. Positive correlation was observed between the aerial precipitation (P, mm) and the P<sub>th</sub> values. With increasing P-values, higher levels of P<sub>th</sub> were identified in the 0.75 m compared to the 0.45 m row spacing. The value of this proportion was decreasing from the centre of the inter-row (0.75 m) to the row of the plants direction. Statistically significant lower values of splash erosion were observed in the 0.45 m compared with the 0.75 m wide rows, especially within the years 2012 and 2014. The experiments proved the positive influence of the length of plants and LAI on P/P<sub>th </sub>values. A decrease of P<sub>th </sub> in relation to precipitation values with height of plants and LAI values was observed. This dependency was then confirmed from the beginning of the stem elongation (BBCH 30) to the end of flowering (BBCH 70). Tighter dependency between the plant length (L) and the values of P/P<sub>th</sub> ratio in the 0.75 m wide crop rows was determined. Conversely, a more important influence of LAI on the values of P/P<sub>th</sub> ratio was estimated in the 0.45 m wide crop rows. The experiments proved the positive influence of the 0.45 m wide rows on the decrease of splash erosion as well as throughfall compared with the 0.75 m row spacing.  

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