Fluxes of Nitrous Oxide and Other Nitrogen Trace Gases from Intensively Managed Landscapes: A Global Perspective

2015 ◽  
pp. 95-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Philip Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Managed Landscapes

scholarly journals Prediction of nitrous oxide fluxes from managed grassland on peat soil using a simple empirical model

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Velthof ◽  
J.G. Koops ◽  
J.H. Duyzer ◽  
O. Oenema
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Flux Chamber ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Gradient Technique ◽  
N2o Fluxes ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Simple Empirical Model ◽  
Measurement Campaigns

Three measurement campaigns were carried out to answer questions related to the factors controlling variations in nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from intensively managed grassland on peat soil, comparison of flux measurements with a closed flux chamber method and a flux gradient technique and the development and testing of a simple empirical model for the estimation of N2O fluxes from intensively managed grassland on peat soils. Fluxes of N2O were measured with 42-48 flux chambers and ranged from less than 0.01 to 6.66 mg N/msuperscript 2 per hr. Fluxes were significantly correlated with denitrification activity (Rsuperscript 2=0.34-0.56). Contents of nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) in the top soil and the water-filled pore space (WFPS) explained 37-77% of the variance in N2O flux. Spatial variability of N2O fluxes was large with coefficients of variation ranging from 101 to 320%. Spatial variability was suggested to be related to distribution of mineral N fertilizer and cattle slurry, urine and dung patches and variations in groundwater level within the field. Average field fluxes obtained with the closed flux chamber method were about a factor 10 larger than those with the flux gradient technique on one measurement day but were similar on two other measurement days. The results of the measurement campaigns were used to derive a simple empirical model including total mineral N content and WFPS. This model was tested using an independent data set, i.e. the results of a monitoring study of two years carried out on two other grassland sites on peat soil. The model reasonably predicted magnitude of and temporal variations in N2O fluxes. It is suggested that a simple empirical model which requires only easily obtainable data such as mineral N content and moisture content, in combination with a few days lasting measurement campaigns, may be a valuable tool to predict N2O fluxes from similar sites.

scholarly journals Ammonia-oxidation as an engine to generate nitrous oxide in an intensively managed calcareous Fluvo-aquic soil

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Huang ◽  
Bing Gao ◽  
Xiao-Kang Hu ◽  
Xing Lu ◽  
Reinhard Well ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ammonia Oxidation ◽  
Intensively Managed

Age of Air in the Stratosphere from Observations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Linz ◽  
Benjamin Birner ◽  
Alan Plumb ◽  
Edwin Gerber ◽  
Florian Haenel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sulfur Hexafluoride ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Stratospheric Circulation ◽  
Tracer Age ◽  
Compact Relationship

<p>Age of air is an idealized tracer often used as a measure of the stratospheric circulation. We will show how to quantitatively relate age to the diabatic circulation and the adiabatic mixing. As it is an idealized tracer, age cannot be measured itself and must be inferred from other tracers. Typically, the two primary trace gases used are sulfur hexafluoride and carbon dioxide. Other tracers have a compact relationship with age, however, and can also be used to calculate age. We will discuss a range of tracer measurements from both satellites and in situ, including sulfur hexafluoride, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, and the ratio of argon to nitrogen. We will compare the age derived from these different species, including different calculation methods and caveats, and compare with modeled ideal age and trace gas concentrations. We conclude by showing the strength of the diabatic circulation and the adiabatic mixing calculated from these trace gas calculations.</p>

scholarly journals Impacts of updated spectroscopy on thermal infrared retrievals of methane evaluated with HIPPO data

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 10059-10107
Author(s):  
M. J. Alvarado ◽  
V. H. Payne ◽  
K. E. Cady-Pereira ◽  
J. D. Hegarty ◽  
S. S. Kulawik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Thermal Infrared ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Radiative Transfer Model ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Spectroscopic Parameters ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Aircraft Observations ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Errors in the spectroscopic parameters used in the forward radiative transfer model can introduce altitude-, spatially-, and temporally-dependent biases in trace gas retrievals. For well-mixed trace gases such as methane, where the variability of tropospheric mixing ratios is relatively small, reducing such biases is particularly important. We use aircraft observations from all five missions of the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) of the Carbon Cycle and Greenhouse Gases Study to evaluate the impact of updates to spectroscopic parameters for methane (CH4), water vapor (H2O), and nitrous oxide (N2O) on thermal infrared retrievals of methane from the NASA Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES). We find that updates to the spectroscopic parameters for CH4 result in a substantially smaller mean bias in the retrieved CH4 when compared with HIPPO observations. After an N2O-based correction, the bias in TES methane upper tropospheric representative values for measurements between 50° S and 50° N decreases from 56.9 to 25.7 ppbv, while the bias in the lower tropospheric representative value increases only slightly (from 27.3 to 28.4 ppbv). For retrievals with less than 1.6 DOFS, the bias is reduced from 26.8 to 4.8 ppbv. We also find that updates to the spectroscopic parameters for N2O reduce the errors in the retrieved N2O profile.

scholarly journals Effects of land use on surface–atmosphere exchanges of trace gases and energy in Borneo: comparing fluxes over oil palm plantations and a rainforest

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1582) ◽  
pp. 3196-3209 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Fowler ◽  
Eiko Nemitz ◽  
Pawel Misztal ◽  
Chiara Di Marco ◽  
Ute Skiba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Large Change ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Oil Palm Plantation ◽  
Deposition Velocities ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Effects Of Land Use

This paper reports measurements of land–atmosphere fluxes of sensible and latent heat, momentum, CO 2 , volatile organic compounds (VOCs), NO, NO 2 , N 2 O and O 3 over a 30 m high rainforest canopy and a 12 m high oil palm plantation in the same region of Sabah in Borneo between April and July 2008. The daytime maximum CO 2 flux to the two canopies differs by approximately a factor of 2, 1200 mg C m −2 h −1 for the oil palm and 700 mg C m −2 h −1 for the rainforest, with the oil palm plantation showing a substantially greater quantum efficiency. Total VOC emissions are also larger over the oil palm than over the rainforest by a factor of 3. Emissions of isoprene from the oil palm canopy represented 80 per cent of the VOC emissions and exceeded those over the rainforest in similar light and temperature conditions by on average a factor of 5. Substantial emissions of estragole (1-allyl-4-methoxybenzene) from the oil palm plantation were detected and no trace of this VOC was detected in or above the rainforest. Deposition velocities for O 3 to the rainforest were a factor of 2 larger than over oil palm. Emissions of nitrous oxide were larger from the soils of the oil palm plantation than from the soils of the rainforest by approximately 25 per cent. It is clear from the measurements that the large change in the species composition generated by replacing rainforest with oil palm leads to profound changes in the net exchange of most of the trace gases measured, and thus on the chemical composition of the boundary layer over these surfaces.

What plant functional traits can reduce nitrous oxide emissions from intensively managed grasslands?

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. e248-e258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Abalos ◽  
Jan Willem van Groenigen ◽  
Gerlinde B. De Deyn
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Plant Functional Traits ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Intensively Managed

scholarly journals Nitrogen use efficiency and N<sub>2</sub>O and NH<sub>3</sub> losses attributed to three fertiliser types applied to an intensively managed silage crop

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 4731-4745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Cowan ◽  
Peter Levy ◽  
Andrea Moring ◽  
Ivan Simmons ◽  
Colin Bache ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Passive Samplers ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Urease Inhibitor ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Spatial And Seasonal Variation ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Intensively Managed

Abstract. Three different nitrogen (N) fertiliser types, ammonium nitrate, urea and urea coated with a urease inhibitor (Agrotain®), were applied at standard rates (70 kg N ha−1) to experimental plots in a typical and intensively managed grassland area at the Easter Bush Farm Estate (Scotland). The nitrogen use efficiency of the fertilisers was investigated as well as nitrogen losses in the form of nitrous oxide fluxes (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) during fertilisation events in the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Nitrous oxide was measured by the standard static chamber technique and analysed using Bayesian statistics. Ammonia was measured using passive samplers combined with the Flux Interpretation by Dispersion and Exchange over Short Range (FIDES) inverse dispersion model. On average, fertilisation with ammonium nitrate supported the largest yields and had the highest nitrogen use efficiency, but as large spatial and seasonal variation persisted across the plots, yield differences between the three fertiliser types and zero N control were not consistent. Overall, ammonium nitrate treatment was found to increase yields significantly (p value < 0.05) when compared to the urea fertilisers used in this study. Ammonium nitrate was the largest emitter of N2O (0.76 % of applied N), and the urea was the largest emitter of NH3 (16.5 % of applied N). Urea coated with a urease inhibitor did not significantly increase yields when compared to uncoated urea; however, ammonia emissions were only 10 % of the magnitude measured for the uncoated urea, and N2O emissions were only 47 % of the magnitude of those measured for ammonium nitrate fertiliser. This study suggests that urea coated with a urease inhibitor is environmentally the best choice in regards to nitrogen pollution, but because of its larger cost and lack of agronomic benefits, it is not economically attractive when compared to ammonium nitrate.

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