scholarly journals Hydraulic Fluid Type and Remediation Practices on Hydraulic Leak Injury to Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 941-945
Author(s):  
John E. Kaminski ◽  
Tim T. Lulis ◽  
Travis R. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Warm Season ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Polyalkylene Glycol ◽  
Hydraulic Fluids ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Fluid Leak ◽  
Water Rinse

Equipment with hydraulic implements are often used to maintain turfgrass surfaces. Hydraulic implements can malfunction and lead to leaks or spills of hydraulic fluid, which is phytotoxic to turfgrass. Previous research has documented extensively hydraulic fluid injury on warm-season turfgrasses, but these effects have not been evaluated on cool-season grasses and warrant further investigation. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare phytotoxicity of petroleum, vegetable, and synthetic hydraulic fluids on a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) putting green and to evaluate the influence of postapplication remediation practices on reducing turfgrass injury. Turfgrass injury was evaluated over a 4-week period in 2011 and 2012 after simulated hydraulic fluid leak and remediation practices were applied. Complete necrosis was observed after 28 days for all hydraulic fluid types. However, water rinse (RO) or detergent soap solution drench followed by brushing in/water rinse (SBR) remediation practices effectively eliminated turfgrass injury by the end of the 4-week period for synthetic polyalkylene glycol fluid treatments, but no other hydraulic fluid types. Turfgrass managers might consider the synthetic polyalkylene glycol hydraulic fluid tested in this study as a less phytotoxic alternative to petroleum hydraulic fluids if a remediation practice is implemented after a leak or spill.

Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Putting Green Tolerance to Bispyribac-Sodium

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Stephen E. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Chelated Iron ◽  
Putting Green

Bispyribac-sodium is an efficacious herbicide for annual bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass fairways, but turf tolerance and growth inhibition may be exacerbated by low mowing heights on putting greens. We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to investigate creeping bentgrass putting green tolerance to bispyribac-sodium. In greenhouse experiments, creeping bentgrass discoloration from bispyribac-sodium was exacerbated by reductions in mowing height from 24 to 3 mm, but mowing height did not influence clipping yields or root weight. In field experiments, discoloration of creeping bentgrass putting greens was greatest from applications of 37 g/ha every 10 d, compared to 74, 111, or 222 g/ha applied less frequently. Chelated iron effectively reduced discoloration of creeping bentgrass putting greens from bispyribac-sodium while trinexapac-ethyl inconsistently reduced these effects. Overall, creeping bentgrass putting greens appear more sensitive to bispyribac-sodium than higher mowed turf, but chelated iron and trinexapac-ethyl could reduce discoloration.

Long-Term Roughstalk Bluegrass Control in Creeping Bentgrass Fairways

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 714-723
Author(s):  
Sandeep S. Rana ◽  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetative Index

Methiozolin is an isoxazoline herbicide that selectively controls annual bluegrass in cool-season turf and may control roughstalk bluegrass, another weedyPoaspecies that is problematic in many turfgrass systems. However, the majority of research to date is limited to evaluating methiozolin efficacy for annual bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass putting greens. Research was conducted comparing various application regimes of methiozolin and other herbicides for long-term roughstalk bluegrass control in creeping bentgrass golf fairways. Methiozolin-only treatments did not injure creeping bentgrass or reduce normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) at 2 golf course locations based on 20 evaluation dates over a 2.5-yr period. The 2.5-yr average turf quality generally declined as roughstalk bluegrass control increased due to transient turf cover loss. At 1 yr after last treatment, methiozolin at 1500 g ai ha-1applied four times in fall reduced roughstalk bluegrass cover 85%. This was equivalent to methiozolin at 1000 g ha-1applied four times in fall, but greater than low rates of methiozolin applied four times in spring or twice in fall and spring. Amicarbazone, primisulfuron, and bispyribac-sodium alone either did not effectively reduce roughstalk bluegrass cover, or did so at the expense of increased creeping bentgrass injury. Results of this study suggest that methiozolin alone or tank-mixed with amicarbazone or primisulfuron is an effective long-term approach for selectively controlling roughstalk bluegrass in creeping bentgrass.

scholarly journals Loss of Putting Greens-grade Fertilizer Granules Due to Mowing

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1123-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles F. Mancino ◽  
Dianne Petrunak ◽  
Douglas Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Water Solubility ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Total Percentage ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
The Difference

The loss of fertilizer granules collected in turf clippings during routine putting green mowing has not been determined. The objective of this study was to quantify the amounts of greens-grade granular potassium (K) and nitrogen (N) fertilizers collected during the routine mowing of a `Pennlinks' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) putting green. In the first study, five K-containing granular fertilizers were applied at K rates of 2.43 and 4.86 g·m-2. A second study was also performed with six granular Ncontaining fertilizers and one liquid N fertilizer applied at an N rate of 4.86 g·m-2. Both studies were performed twice. Irrigation (6.4 mm) was applied immediately after each fertilizer application and again on the following day. These two irrigations, plus additional irrigation and rain, resulted in each study receiving about 2.54 cm of water over each nineday study period. Mowing and clipping collection using a walk-behind greens mower set to cut at 3.96 mm began two days after treatment (2 DAT) and continued until 9 DAT. The clippings were oven-dried and separated from the fertilizer using a small pneumatic seed cleaner. Collected fertilizer was weighed and expressed as a percentage of the fertilizer applied. Liquid N fertilizer loss was estimated to be the difference between clipping N content of treated plots and untreated controls. Total K fertilizer loss was: UHS Signature 15-0-30 (15.3% to 22.9%) > Lebanon Isotek 11-3-22 (8.7% to 10.7%) > Scott's Contec 13-2-26 (4.9% to 7.4%) > Lesco Matrix 12-0-22 (0.1% to 0.4%) = Lesco Matrix 5-0-28 (0.1% to 0.5%). Signature was the only fertilizer significantly affected by rate and a greater percentage of loss occurred at the lower K application rate. Most loss occurred during the first and second mowing events with small amounts of fertilizer found in clippings from later mowings. The two Lesco materials were not found in clippings after the first mowing. Nitrogen fertilizer granule loss was also greatest with the first and second mowings. Total percentage of losses were IBDU 31-0-0 (75.4%) > Polyon 41-0-0 (70.8%)> Milorganite 6-2-0 (55.7%) > Nutralene 40-0-0 (47.0%) > UHS Signature (19.3%) > Isotek 11-3-22 (9.5%) > N-Sure Pro 30-0-0 (1.9%). In both studies, fertilizer loss appeared to be most related to water-solubility of the fertilizer, but size and density might also be factors.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Metamifop for the Control of Common Bermudagrass

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Cooper ◽  
Leslie L. Beck ◽  
Chase M. Straw ◽  
Gerald M. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Cereal Crops ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Sequential Treatments ◽  
Texas Tech University ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Metamifop is a postemergence aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicide used for the control of annual and perennial grass weeds in cereal crops and rice (Oryza sativa L.). Previous research observed creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) tolerance to applications of metamifop, suggesting utilization for the removal of encroaching bermudagrass (Cynodon Rich.) from creeping bentgrass putting greens with little to no phytotoxicity. Therefore, the objective of our research was to evaluate the efficacy of metamifop for common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] control in a greenhouse environment. Experiments were conducted at the Plant and Soil Science greenhouse facility at Texas Tech University in Lubbock in 2011 and 2012. ‘Riviera’ and ‘Savannah’ common bermudagrass were seeded at 218 lb/acre into 4-inch square pots containing a soilless potting media on 26 Aug. 2011 and 14 Nov. 2011. Pots were allowed to mature in the greenhouse over a 3-month period where they were maintained at a height of 0.25 inches. Herbicide treatments were applied on 1 Dec. 2011 and 8 Feb. 2012 and consisted of metamifop at 0.18, 0.27, 0.36, or 0.45 lb/acre. A sequential application of each treatment was made on 22 Dec. 2011 and 29 Feb. 2012. A nontreated control was included for comparison. Clipping ceased after initial herbicide treatment and pots produced biomass for 3 weeks. Biomass above 0.25 inch was removed from each pot, dried, and weighed. This procedure was conducted again 3 weeks after sequential treatments. The rate of metamifop required to reduce bermudagrass growth 50% (GR50) was calculated 3 and 6 weeks after initial treatment (WAIT). Visual ratings of percent bermudagrass control were recorded weekly on a scale of 0% (no control) to 100% (completely dead bermudagrass). As metamifop rate increased, bermudagrass biomass decreased. The calculated GR50 at 3 WAIT for ‘Savannah’ and ‘Riviera’ was 0.19 and 0.14 lb/acre, respectively. Nontreated control pots exhibited 0% control and produced 0.59 to 0.83 g of biomass at 3 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. Metamifop at 0.27 to 0.45 lb/acre exhibited 96% to 100% bermudagrass control at 3 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. Bermudagrass subjected to those same treatments only produced 0.01 to 0.03 g of biomass at 3 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. The 0.18-lb/acre rate of metamifop exhibited only 9% control of ‘Savannah’ bermudagrass with 0.72 g of biomass collected, while ‘Riviera’ was controlled 41% with 0.38 g of biomass collected. The calculated GR50 at 6 WAIT for ‘Savannah’ and ‘Riviera’ was 0.13 and 0.14 lb/acre, respectively. Sequential applications of metamifop at 0.27 to 0.45 lb/acre completely controlled bermudagrass (100%) at 6 WAIT, while a sequential application at 0.18 lb/acre only controlled bermudagrass 8% to 19% at 6 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. Bermudagrass subjected to 0.18 lb/acre exhibited 0.48 to 0.56 g of biomass at 6 WAIT, regardless of cultivar. Metamifop shows potential as an alternative control option for common bermudagrass present within cool-season turfgrass species.

scholarly journals Use of High-pressure Injection to Alleviate Type-I Fairy Ring Symptoms in Turfgrass

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Fidanza ◽  
P.F. Colbaugh ◽  
M.C. Engelke ◽  
S.D. Davis ◽  
K.E. Kenworthy
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Type I ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Pressure Injection ◽  
Spray Method ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
High Pressure Injection

Fairy ring is a common and troublesome disease of turfgrasses maintained on golf course putting greens. Type-I fairy ring is especially destructive due to the development of hydrophobic conditions in the thatch and root zone, thus contributing to turfgrass injury and loss. The objective of this 2-year field study was to evaluate the application and novel delivery method of two fungicides and a soil surfactant for curative control of type-I fairy ring in a 20-year-old creeping bentgrass [Agrostis palustris (synonym A. stolonifera)] putting green. In both years, all treatments were applied twice on a 28-day interval. In 1998, flutolanil and azoxystrobin fungicides were applied alone and in combination with Primer soil surfactant by a conventional topical spray method, and fungicides without Primer applied via high-pressure injection (HPI). Acceptable type-I fairy ring control was observed in plots treated with flutolanil plus Primer, HPI flutolanil, azoxystrobin alone, azoxystrobin plus Primer, or HPI azoxystrobin. In 1999, treatments were HPI flutolanil, HPI flutolanil plus Primer, HPI azoxystrobin, HPI water only, and aeration only. Acceptable type-I fairy ring control was observed in plots treated with HPI flutolanil plus Primer or HPI azoxystrobin. HPI of fungicides alone or in combination with a soil surfactant may be a viable option for alleviating type-I fairy ring symptoms on golf course putting greens.

scholarly journals Moss Control on Creeping Bentgrass Greens with Standard and Alternative Approaches

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Kennelly ◽  
Timothy C. Todd ◽  
Derek M. Settle ◽  
Jack D. Fry
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Putting Green

Moss is common on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting greens, and more control options are needed. Spot treatment of sodium bicarbonate (44.2 g·L−1) was compared with broadcast sprays of carfentrazone-ethyl (50.5 or 101 g a.i./ha), chlorothalonil (8.2 or 12.8 kg a.i./ha) and a tank mixture of chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and thiram (8.2, 9.8, and 11.5 kg a.i./ha) in 2006 in Lemont, IL. Sodium bicarbonate suppressed moss growth equally as the conventional products. These results led to further experiments in 2008 in which moss suppression was evaluated within standard and alternative putting green management regimes in Manhattan, KS, and Lemont, IL. The standard approach included spring and fall applications of carfentrazone-ethyl (101 g a.i./ha) for moss control, biweekly applications of urea (46N–0P–0K) at 15 kg N/ha, and applications of chlorothalonil (8.2 kg a.i./ha) on a 14-day interval. Conversely, the alternative approach included spring and fall spot treatments of sodium bicarbonate (44.2 g·L−1) for moss control, biweekly applications of a natural organic fertilizer (8N–1P–3K) to provide nitrogen at 15 kg N/ha, and applications of chlorothalonil (8.2 kg a.i./ha) only when dollar spot reached a predetermined threshold level. Standard and alternative regimes were compared at both 3.2- and 4.0-mm mowing heights; synthetic and organic fertilizers applied alone without pest control approaches were included as controls. In Kansas and Illinois, moss coverage using the alternative management regime was not significantly different from that on greens managed using the standard regime. In Kansas, moss severity at a 3.2 mm was 1.6-fold higher than at the 4.0-mm height. In Illinois, sodium bicarbonate suppressed moss equivalently to the carfentrazone-ethyl treatment, and in the fertilizer-only controls, mowing at 3.2 versus 4.0 mm led to more moss coverage. These studies demonstrate that moss can be effectively suppressed on greens using spot applications of sodium bicarbonate and reduced moss encroachment is possible with higher mowing heights.

Effect of Benefin and DCPA on Overseeded Grasses Maintained as Putting Greens

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 528-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. E. Coats ◽  
C. Y. Ward ◽  
E. L. McWhirter
Keyword(s):  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Agrostis Palustris ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Poa Trivialis ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Green Conditions

Overseeded rough bluegrass (Poa trivialisL. ‘Danish common’) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. ‘Gulf’) maintained under putting green conditions were more susceptible to benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) and DCPA (dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate) than creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustrisHud. ‘Penn-cross’), red fescue (Festuca rubraL. ‘Dawson’), or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist II’). February applications of 1.68 or 3.36 kg/ha of benefin and 6.72 or 13.44 kg/ha of DCPA caused significantly more discoloration and reductions in density than equivalent rates applied in March or April. Benefin was more injurious than DCPA to all overseeded species as judged by quality or density. DCPA caused significant delays in the breaking of dormancy of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. ‘Tifdwarf’].

scholarly journals Preventive Control of Pythium Root Dysfunction in Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens and Sensitivity of Pythium volutum to Fungicides

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Kerns ◽  
M. D. Soika ◽  
L. P. Tredway
Keyword(s):  
Fungicidal Activity ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Preventive Control ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
In Vitro Sensitivity ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Field Efficacy

Pythium root dysfunction (PRD), caused by Pythium volutum, has been observed on golf course putting greens established with creeping bentgrass in the southeastern United States since 2002. To evaluate preventative strategies for management of this disease, a 3-year field experiment was conducted in Pinehurst, NC on a ‘G-2’ creeping bentgrass putting green. Fungicide treatments were applied twice in the fall (September and October) and three times in the spring (March, April, and May) in each of the 3 years. Applications of pyraclostrobin provided superior preventative control compared with the other fungicides tested. Azoxystrobin and cyazofamid provided moderate control of PRD in two of three seasons. Experiments were conducted to determine whether the disease suppression provided by pyraclostrobin was due to fungicidal activity or physiological effects on the host. In vitro sensitivity to pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, fluoxastrobin, cyazofamid, mefenoxam, propamocarb, and fluopicolide was determined for 11 P. volutum isolates and 1 P. aphanidermatum isolate. Isolates of P. volutum were most sensitive to pyraclostrobin (50% effective concentration [EC50] value = 0.005), cyazofamid (EC50 = 0.004), and fluoxastrobin (EC50= 0.010), followed by azoxystrobin (EC50 = 0.052), and mefenoxam (EC50 = 0.139). P. volutum isolates were not sensitive to fluopicolide or propamocarb. Applications of pyraclostrobin did not increase the foliar growth rate or visual quality of creeping bentgrass in growth-chamber experiments. This work demonstrates that fall and spring applications of pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, and cyazofamid suppress the expression of PRD symptoms during summer and that field efficacy is related to the sensitivity of P. volutum to these fungicides.

Investigating low-dose herbicide programs for goosegrass (Eleusine indica) and smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) control on creeping bentgrass greens

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
John R. Brewer ◽  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Golf Putting ◽  
Putting Green ◽  
Repeated Use ◽  
Herbicide Programs ◽  
Residual Control

Abstract Only four herbicides are registered for smooth crabgrass or goosegrass control on creeping bentgrass golf putting greens. None of the four herbicides control weedy grasses for the entire season or control weeds postemergence when applied once at labeled rates. Three of these have product labels that prohibit repeated use or application during stressful summer conditions. We hypothesized frequently applying herbicides at low doses could provide season-long control of summer grasses while minimizing turf injury. Seven field experiments were conducted on creeping bentgrass putting greens to evaluate various herbicides applied monthly, biweekly, or weekly for postemergence and residual control of goosegrass and smooth crabgrass as well as creeping bentgrass putting green tolerance. Metamifop applied twice monthly at 200 g ai ha−1, topramezone applied eight times weekly at 1.5 g ae ha−1, and siduron applied weekly at 5.6 kg ai ha−1 or four times biweekly at 11 kg ha−1 did not injure creeping bentgrass greater than 10% and maintained creeping bentgrass quality and cover equivalent to nontreated turf. Weekly or biweekly programs of fenoxaprop or quinclorac caused unacceptable injury and quality decline. Metamifop applied monthly and either fenoxaprop program controlled both smooth crabgrass and goosegrass 97 to 99% throughout the growing season. Programs containing either quinclorac or siduron controlled smooth crabgrass 99 to 100% but did not control goosegrass greater than 39%. All topramezone programs controlled smooth crabgrass 69 to 77% and goosegrass 93 to 98%. In additional studies, siduron applied five times biweekly did not injure creeping bentgrass putting greens and controlled smooth crabgrass greater than 90% at seasonal, cumulative rates between 17 and 65 kg ai ha−1. This method of frequent, low-dose herbicide treatment to control smooth crabgrass and goosegrass on golf putting greens is novel and could be legally implemented currently with siduron.

scholarly journals Curative Evaluation of Biological Control Agents and Synthetic Fungicides for Clarireedia jacksonii

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1622-1625
Author(s):  
Jeffery W. Marvin ◽  
Robert Andrew Kerr ◽  
Lambert B. McCarty ◽  
William Bridges ◽  
S. Bruce Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Biological Control Agents ◽  
Dollar Spot ◽  
Clemson University ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Putting Green

Clarireedia jacksonii sp. nov. formerly Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett, one of the causal agents of dollar spot, is the most widespread pathogen in turfgrass systems. Dollar spot (DS) affects both cool- and warm-season grasses, during a wide range of environmental conditions. Field studies were conducted at Clemson University, Clemson, SC, on a creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds) cv. Crenshaw] putting green for 2 consecutive years from August to October in year 1 and July to September in year 2. The objective of the studies was to evaluate biological control agents (BCAs) and synthetic fungicides at reduced rates for their efficacy controlling dollar spot. Four replications of 1.5 × 1.5-m plots were used in the experimental design. Treatments included the following: Bacillus subtilis (BS); plant extract oils (EO) including clove oil + wintergreen oil + thyme oil; extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (RS); Bacillus licheniformis (BL); chlorothalonil (CL); and azoxystrobin + propiconazole (AzP). Synthetic fungicides were used at reduced rates in combination with biological control agents, to evaluate curative control efficacy of various combinations. All reduced synthetic programs, except CL + EO, provided acceptable disease severity (≤15%) at the end of year 1 and acceptable (≥7) turfgrass visual quality. Azoxystrobin + propiconazole, CL, AzP + BL, AzP + EO, AzP + BS all provided ≤15% disease severity and ≥7 visual turfgrass quality 14 days after the last application in year 2.

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