scholarly journals Evaluation of Ethyl Formate, Phosphine, and Their Combination to Disinfest Harvested Celery against Purple Scum Springtails

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 492-501
Author(s):  
Qasim Ahmed ◽  
Yonglin Ren ◽  
Robert Emery ◽  
James Newman ◽  
Manjree Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Laboratory Temperature ◽  
Natural Infestation

Export celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) from Australia has been affected by a natural infestation of purple scum springtails (Hypogastrura vernalis). These insects live inside the celery head, contaminating fresh celery, but do not cause any visible damage. As a result, purple scum springtail-infested celery has led to rejection for export with an impact on market value for fresh produce. In this study, fumigation with ethyl formate (EF), phosphine (PH3), and their combination on mortality of purple scum springtails in naturally infested celery was evaluated. Laboratory experiments were conducted using concentrations of 50, 60, and 90 mg·L−1 of EF for 1, 2, and 4 hours; 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg·L−1 of PH3 for 2, 4, and 6 hours; and 20, 30, and 40 mg·L−1 of EF combined with 1 mg·L−1 of PH3, for 2 and 4 hours at the laboratory temperature 25 °C. Complete control was achieved at 90 mg·L−1 of EF for 2 hours; however, phytotoxicity was observed in celery treated by EF at all concentrations. PH3 at 2.5 mg·L−1 achieved 100% mortality within 6 hours, and no phytotoxicity was evident. Mortality of 100% was achieved also at 30 and 40 mg·L−1 EF combined with 1 mg·L−1 of PH3 for 2 and 4 hours exposure time; however, phytotoxicity occurred with EF alone treatments and with the combination. From these data, we conclude that PH3 alone has potential as a fumigant for the preshipment treatment of celery infested with purple scum springtails.

scholarly journals Sanitation of fresh green asparagus and green onions inoculated with Salmonella

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 454-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Martínez-Téllez ◽  
F.J. Rodríguez-Leyva ◽  
I.E. Espinoza-Medina ◽  
I. Vargas-Arispuro ◽  
A.A. Gardea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Effective Agent ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
Postharvest Handling ◽  
Green Asparagus

The absence of good agricultural and manufacturing practices in the production and postharvest handling of fresh produce, such as green asparagus or green onions increase the contamination risk by biological hazards like Salmonella. The objective of this work was to investigate the efficacy of chlorine (200 and 250 ppm), hydrogen peroxide (1.5% and 2%), and lactic acid (1.5% and 2%) sanitisers during different exposure times (40, 60, and 90 s) on the reduction of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> subspecie <i>enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium in inoculated fresh green asparagus and green onions. Washing with clean water only reduced < 1 log10 CFU/g in both vegetables. The most effective sanitiser evaluated for fresh green asparagus and green onions disinfection appeared to be 2% lactic acid reducing <i>Salmonella</i> growth close to 3 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/g. Hydrogen peroxide was the least effective agent for <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium reduction. No effect was observed of the exposure time of inoculated product to sanitiser up to 90 seconds. These results confirm that lactic acid could be used as an alternative for fresh green asparagus and green onions sanitation.

scholarly journals Stabilization and controlled release of ethyl formate for in-packaging fumigation of fresh produce

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zaitoon Amr ◽  
Ayesha Jabeen ◽  
Loong-Tak Lim ◽  
Cynthia Scott-Dupree
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Ethyl Formate

Effect of the ratios ofListronotus bonariensisandSitona discoideus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to their respective parasitoidsMicroctonus hyperodaeandM. aethiopoides(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on parasitism, host oviposition and feeding in the laboratory

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.I.P. Barratt ◽  
A.A. Evans ◽  
P.D. Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Parasite Number ◽  
Listronotus Bonariensis ◽  
Microctonus Aethiopoides ◽  
Microctonus Hyperodae

AbstractThe parasitoidsMicroctonus hyperodaeLoan andM. aethiopoidesLoan have been introduced into New Zealand to control the forage pestsListronotus bonariensis(Kuschel) andSitona discoideusGyllenhal, respectively. Laboratory experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of host–parasitoid ratio, and exposure time on host survival, parasitism, oviposition and feeding. Cages of 20 field collected weevils were exposed to 0, 1, 3 or 6 parasitoids for 0, 1, 12 or 48 hours, maintained until parasitoid pupal emergence, and surviving weevils dissected. Over the ranges studied, increasing parasite number, and to a greater extent, period of exposure of parasitoids to their hosts increased parasitism levels.Microctonus aethiopoidesachieved higher levels of parasitism inS. discoideusat the lower parasitoid contact treatments than didM. hyperodaeinL. bonariensis. Fecundity in unparasitized weevils was progressively reduced in bothL. bonariensisandS. discoideusin relation to increasing exposure to parasitoids. Feeding was reduced by about 40% inL. bonariensisfor at least four days after parasitoids were removed, and inS. discoideusfor the duration of the experiment, averaging 15%. Results were discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of indirect effects of parasitoids on unparasitized hosts.

scholarly journals Ethyl formate a potential organic fumigant for fresh produce

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 444-444
Author(s):  
H. Krishna ◽  
C.W. Van_Epenhuijsen ◽  
A. Carpenter ◽  
Z. Zhang ◽  
D.W. Brash ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Ethyl Formate

Laboratory studies with some recent anticoccidials

Parasitology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Ryley ◽  
Robert G. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Eimeria Tenella ◽  
The Other ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Complete Control

The activities of monensin, lasalocid and halofuginone against Eimeria tenella, E. brunetti and E. necatrix have been studied under laboratory conditions. Complete control of experimental infections in the chick, separable from toxicity, was not obtained with monensin, but was achieved with the other two compounds at levels of 150 and 6 ppm in the food respectively. All three compounds appear to inhibit coccidial development very early in the life-cycle, and to have a fairly rapid lethal effect, monensin and lasalocid more so than the febrifugine derivative. In vivo observations have been supplemented with in vitro studies. Some discussion of the difficulties of relating laboratory experiments to field performance is given.

Fumigation as a Method of controlling the Body Louse, Pediculus humanus corporis, De Geer

1944 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-112
Author(s):  
W. A. L. David
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Methyl Formate ◽  
Allyl Chloride ◽  
Ethyl Formate ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethylene Dichloride ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Pediculus Humanus ◽  
Body Lice

The paper describes small and large scale methods of fumigation which have been worked out for six fumigants. The conditions under which complete control of body lice and their eggs may be obtained are set out, and the relative uses of the two methods and the various fumigants are described. Four of the materials tested, methyl formate, ethyl formate, ethylene dichloride and methyl-allyl chloride are comparatively safe and pleasant to handle, but they sometimes demand rather heavy dosages of fumigant or long exposures, especially at temperatures below 20°C. Chloropicrin and trichloracetonitrile on the other hand have strongly irritating properties, but their toxicity to lice is also much greater. The methods have the advantage that some are very safe and all are simple, demanding no elaborate technique or apparatus.

Filtering Rate Performance of Daphnia retrocurva in Pulp Mill Effluent

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Cooley
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Time ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Rate Performance ◽  
Filtering Rate

Laboratory experiments were carried out with radioactive Scenedesmus to determine the effect on filtering rate of Daphnia retrocurva of exposure to different dilutions of raw pulp mill effluent in lake water. Filtering rate decreased progressively as the exposure time in 5 and 10% effluent increased. Most animals seemed able to recover from brief exposures, but with increased time spent in effluent, larger proportions of the animals did not filter when the food was presented.

scholarly journals Adapting Seasonal Sheep Production to Year-Round Fresh Meat and Halal Market in Norway

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bhatti ◽  
Thomas Williams ◽  
David Hopkins ◽  
Leif Asheim ◽  
Geir Steinheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Fresh Meat ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Sheep Industry ◽  
Sheep Meat ◽  
Limited Supply ◽  
Sheep Production

Norway is the largest sheep meat producer among Nordic countries with more than 1.3 million lambs and sheep slaughtered in 2017. The sheep industry is limited by the need for in-house feeding during the winter months. In summer, Norwegian sheep are mainly kept on rangeland pastures, with sufficient feed for almost double the current sheep population. Lambs are slaughtered over a three- to four-month period from September to December with a peak in September–October, providing a surplus of lamb, much of which is subsequently frozen, followed by eight months during which fresh produce is in limited supply. Norwegian consumers eat an average of 5.4 kg of sheep meat per person per year, much of which is purchased as a frozen product. The Muslim (4.2% of the population) preference for year-round halal meat, with an increased demand on the eve of the Muslim meat festival (Eid al-Adha), has the potential to boost demand, particularly in Oslo. This paper provides an overview of the Norwegian sheep farming system, the current market value chains, and the potential to meet the demand for halal meat in Norway (specifically during the Muslim meat festival—Eid al-Adha) to the advantage of both consumers and sheep farmers.

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