scholarly journals Evaluating Seed-covering Devices and Presswheels for Directly Seeding Mustard and Cabbage

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Richard L. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Stands of brassica crops obtained with precision seeders are sometimes inadequate or nonuniform. Although several types of covering devices and presswheels are available from precision seeder manufacturers, the effects of covering devices and presswheels on plant emergence of direct-seeded Brassica crops have not been determined. In Spring and Fall 1996, six crops of mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak] and four crops of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. capitata group) were direct seeded with a precision belt seeder using four covering devices and four rear presswheels. All of the covering devices and presswheels evaluated were adequate for direct seeding mustard and cabbage under the soil moisture conditions and soil type (silt loam or fine sandy loam) found in these experiments. Although poor stands were obtained with all seed covering devices and presswheels when 7.8 inches (199 mm) of rain occurred within 3 days of planting, plant stand of cabbage was greater when the paired arm device was used than with drag-type or no covering devices.

Evaluation of Presswheels and Seed Coverers for Direct Seeding of Brassica

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 599E-600
Author(s):  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Richard L. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Determine Effect

Improved stand establishment of direct-seeded crops has usually involved seed treatment and/or seed covers. Planters have been evaluated for seed/plant spacing uniformity, singulation, furrow openers, and presswheel design; however, effects of presswheels and seed coverers on plant establishment have not been widely investigated. Five experiments were conducted in a fine sandy loam soil to determine effect of presswheels and seed coverers on emergence of direct-seeded cabbage and mustard. Seed were planted with Stanhay 870 seeder equipped with one of four presswheels and seed coverers. Presswheels included smooth, mesh, concave split, and flat split types. Seed coverers included standard drag, light drag, paired knives, and no coverer. Soil moisture at planting ranged from 8% to 19% in the top 5 cm of bed. Differences in plant counts taken 2 weeks after planting were minimal with any presswheel or seed coverer. Visual observation indicated the seed furrow was more completely closed with the knife coverer in high soil moisture conditions. All tests received at least 14 mm of precipitation within 6 days from planting, which may account for lack of differences in plant emergence.

Sorption and Mobility of Chlorimuron in Alabama Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Goetz ◽  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Ben F. Hajek
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Soil thin-layer chromatography and a soil solution technique were used to evaluate chlorimuron adsorption and mobility in five Alabama soils. The order of adsorption was atrazine > metribuzin > chlorimuron; mobility was chlorimuron > metribuzin > atrazine. The order of adsorption of chlorimuron in the five soils was Sumter clay > Eutaw clay > Lucedale fine sandy loam > Decatur silt loam > Dothan sandy loam, and Rfvalues were 0.63, 0.73, 0.69, 0.76, and 0.80, respectively. Chlorimuron mobility and adsorption were not highly correlated to any one soil type. Adsorption of all herbicides was inversely related to soil pH. Maximum chlorimuron adsorption in the Hiwassee loam was attributed to the high hematite and gibbsite content of the soil.

Influence of Soil pH on Persistence of Atrazine in the Field

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Hiltbold ◽  
G.A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Unit Increase

Persistence of 1.12, 2.24, and 3.36 kg/ha of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] applied preemergence to corn (Zea maysL. ‘Funk's 4761′) was determined in three soils, each providing a range of pH from 5 to 7. Samples of surface soil from each plot were collected at intervals after atrazine application until there was no evidence of phytotoxicity to oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Florida 501′) in bioassay. Persistence (Y50) was defined as the number of days following atrazine application until bioassay indicated 50% relative growth of oats (no atrazine = 100% growth). This period ranged from 24 to 178 days, depending upon soil type, pH, and atrazine rate. Persistence of atrazine increased with increasing soil pH. The effect of soil pH was essentially the same at each atrazine rate and did not vary appreciably with years in a given soil. In McLaurin sandy loam, atrazine persisted 8 to 9 days longer with each unit increase in soil pH. In Hartsells fine sandy loam and Decatur silt loam, atrazine persistence increased 9 to 13 days and 29 days, respectively, with each unit pH.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of Near-Surface Temperature Forecasts to Soil Properties over a Sparsely Vegetated Dryland Region

2014 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 1976-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D. Massey ◽  
W. James Steenburgh ◽  
Sebastian W. Hoch ◽  
Jason C. Knievel
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Surface Model ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Soil Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Ground Heat Flux ◽  
Loam Soil

AbstractWeather Research and Forecasting Model forecasts over the Great Salt Lake Desert erroneously underpredict nocturnal cooling over the sparsely vegetated silt loam soil area of Dugway Proving Ground in northern Utah, with a mean positive bias error in temperature at 2 m AGL of 3.4°C in the early morning [1200 UTC (0500 LST)]. Positive early-morning bias errors also exist in nearby sandy loam soil areas. These biases are related to the improper initialization of soil moisture and parameterization of soil thermal conductivity in silt loam and sandy loam soils. Forecasts of 2-m temperature can be improved by initializing with observed soil moisture and by replacing Johansen's 1975 parameterization of soil thermal conductivity in the Noah land surface model with that proposed by McCumber and Pielke in 1981 for silt loam and sandy loam soils. Case studies illustrate that this change can dramatically reduce nighttime warm biases in 2-m temperature over silt loam and sandy loam soils, with the greatest improvement during periods of low soil moisture. Predicted ground heat flux, soil thermal conductivity, near-surface radiative fluxes, and low-level thermal profiles also more closely match observations. Similar results are anticipated in other dryland regions with analogous soil types, sparse vegetation, and low soil moisture.

Soil water drying and recharge rates as affected by tillage under continuous barley and barley-canola cropping systems in northwestern Canada

2001 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
R H Azooz ◽  
M A Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Silt Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
The Impact

In areas of the northwestern Canadian Prairies, barley and canola are grown in a short growing season with high rainfall variability. Excessively dry soil in conventional tillage (CT) in dry periods and excessively wet soil in no-tillage (NT) in wet periods could cause a significant decrease in crop production by influencing the availability of soil water. The effects of CT, NT and NT with a 7.5-cm residue-free strip on the planting rows (NTR) on soil water drying (–dW/dt) and recharge (dW/dt) rates were studied in 1992 and 1993 during wet and dry periods to evaluate the impact of NTR, NT and CT systems on soil moisture condition. The soils, Donnelly silt loam and Donnelly sandy loam (both Gray Luvisol) were selected and soil water content by depth was measured by time domain reflectometry. Water retained at 6 matric potentials from –5 to –160 kPa were observed. In the field study, –dW/dt was significantly greater in CT than in NT in the silt loam for the 0- to 30-cm layer during the first 34 d after planting in 1992. The 0- to 30-cm soil layer in CT and NTR dried faster than in NT during a period immediately following heavy rainfall in the silt loam in 1993. The drying coefficient (–Kd ) was significantly greater in CT and NTR than in NT in the silt loam soil in 1993 and in the sandy loam soil in 1992 in the top 30-cm depth. The recharge coefficient (Kr) was significantly greater in NT and NTR than in CT for the silt loam soil. The NTR system increased the –dW/dt by 1.2 × 10-2 to 12.1 × 10-2 cm d-1 in 1992 and 1993 in the silt loam soil and by 10.2 × 10-2 cm d-1 in 1993 in the sandy loam soil as compared with NT. The dW/dt was 8.1 × 10-2 cm d-1 greater in NTR in 1992 and 1993 in the silt loam soil and was 1.9 × 10-2 greater in NTR in 1992 than in CT in the sandy loam soil. The laboratory study indicated that NT soils retained more water than the CT soils. The NTR practice maintained better soil moisture conditions for crop growth than CT in dry periods than NT in wet periods. Compared with NT, the NTR avoided prolonged near-saturated soil conditions with increased soil drying rate under extremely wet soil. Key words: Water drying, water recharge, water depletion, wet and drying periods, hydraulic properties, soil capacity to retain water

The effects of soil compaction, soil moisture and soil type on growth and nodulation of soybean and common bean

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Buttery ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
S. J. Park ◽  
R. J. Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Reduced Water

In field tests we have observed year-to-year differences in the severity of the effects of soil compaction on nodulation and growth of common bean; these differences appeared to be related to the amount of rainfall during the growing season. We decided to use better controlled conditions in the greenhouse, and extend the scope of the study to another legume crop and a different soil type, in order to investigate the hypothesis that copious water supply alleviates the adverse effects of soil compaction on nodulation and plant growth.The effects of two levels of soil compaction and of high and low water supply on the growth and nodulation of common bean and soybean were investigated in separate pot tests using a Fox sandy loam and a Brookston clay loam soil.Root growth of both species was severely restricted by dry compacted conditions. Plant growth as a whole was clearly reduced by both increased compaction and by reduced water supply, presumably mediated by the effects on root growth. The effect of reduced water supply was more severe in the highly compacted pots, and more severe in the clay loam than in the sandy loam.In the sandy loam, low moisture reduced nodule numbers and weights in both species, while increased bulk density reduced the numbers of nodules but not the dry weights. In the clay loam, nodule weights and numbers were very low, presumably, owing to high levels of nitrate, which may have resulted from mineralization of soil organic matter during storage.A generous supply of water obviously alleviated some of the adverse effects of soil compaction on plant growth. This is in general agreement with results of earlier field trials, where severity of the effects of soil compaction varied with the quantity of rainfall. Key words: Soybean, common bean, soil compaction, soil moisture, nodulation, bulk density

Criteria for Scheduling the Irrigation of wheat

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Misra ◽  
P. C. Pant
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARYA field experiment evaluating criteria for scheduling wheat irrigation was conducted from 1975 to 1977 in a sandy loam soil with treatments scheduled according to physiological stages, soil moisture conditions, pan evaporation and leaf water potential. Grain and straw yields, spikes/m, fertile spikelets/spike and number and weight of grains/spike were significantly influenced by treatments. Irrigation based on leaf water potential was as good as when based on physiological stages or soil moisture, and the use of pan evaporation was no better than other methods of scheduling.

scholarly journals Potato Insect Control, 1992

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
A. C. Slocombe ◽  
D. N. Ferro
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Potato Insect

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 1 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 1 Jul. CPB densities on 4 Jun were 1.2 adults, 50 eggs, 0.3 early instars per plant, and CPB densities on 15 Jun were 3.3 adults, 167 eggs, 6 early instars and 1.7 late instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area between plots. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 5 (first hatch), 15 (30% hatch) and 22 (50% hatch and 4th instar observed) Jun. All other applications were made on 15, 22, and 29 Jun. For second generation larvae, percentage egg hatch was based on flagging 10 egg masses at the beginning of the ovipositional period, using the percentage hatch based on these eggs. For second generation, Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 6 (first hatch), 8 (30% hatch) and 10 (50% hatch) Jul. All other treatments were applied on 13 (observed 3rd instars) and 24 Jul.

scholarly journals Timing Study to Evaluate Product Performance of RH-0345 and Imidacloprid to Suppress Green June Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 353-354
Author(s):  
P. R. Heller ◽  
R. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Clay Soil ◽  
Particle Size Analysis ◽  
Size Analysis ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Water Ph ◽  
Loam Soil

Abstract The fairway located in Lancaster County, PA, consisted primarily of perennial ryegrass (80%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 7 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (4 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 64° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 62° F; RH, 67%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 28.3%; organic matter, 5.6%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.1; time of treatment, mid-morning; and overcast skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water 3 fir after treatment. At the 2nd treatment time (15 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 75° F; RH, 75%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil type; silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 37.7%; organic matter, 7.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.9; time of treatment, mid-morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. A the 3rd treatment time (12 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 65° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 69° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 69° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 30.7% sand, 61.9% silt, 7.4% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 40.0%; organic matter, 5.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.5; time of treatment, early morning; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Aug. The total number of green of June beetle larvae flushed to the surface following an application of Sevin SL over a 24-hr observation interval was recorded from each replicate.

scholarly journals Potato Insect Control, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-121
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Slocombe ◽  
David N. Ferro
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Potato Insect

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 30 Apr in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 1 ON: 10P:1 OK/acre) was banded into the furrow at planting, and an additional 200 lbs was applied at hilling on 30 Jun. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 30 Jun and 25 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 plants or whole stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. Admire was applied in the furrow at planting (136 g AI/A), and in a separate treatment it was applied to the base of the plants on 8 Jun (91 g AI/A). All foliar treatments were first applied on 15 Jun, and the 7 day treatments were applied again on 22, 29 Jun, 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul. The 14 day treatments were applied on 15, 29 Jun, 13 and 27 Jul.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document