The effects of soil compaction, soil moisture and soil type on growth and nodulation of soybean and common bean

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 571-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Buttery ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
S. J. Park ◽  
R. J. Armstrong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Reduced Water

In field tests we have observed year-to-year differences in the severity of the effects of soil compaction on nodulation and growth of common bean; these differences appeared to be related to the amount of rainfall during the growing season. We decided to use better controlled conditions in the greenhouse, and extend the scope of the study to another legume crop and a different soil type, in order to investigate the hypothesis that copious water supply alleviates the adverse effects of soil compaction on nodulation and plant growth.The effects of two levels of soil compaction and of high and low water supply on the growth and nodulation of common bean and soybean were investigated in separate pot tests using a Fox sandy loam and a Brookston clay loam soil.Root growth of both species was severely restricted by dry compacted conditions. Plant growth as a whole was clearly reduced by both increased compaction and by reduced water supply, presumably mediated by the effects on root growth. The effect of reduced water supply was more severe in the highly compacted pots, and more severe in the clay loam than in the sandy loam.In the sandy loam, low moisture reduced nodule numbers and weights in both species, while increased bulk density reduced the numbers of nodules but not the dry weights. In the clay loam, nodule weights and numbers were very low, presumably, owing to high levels of nitrate, which may have resulted from mineralization of soil organic matter during storage.A generous supply of water obviously alleviated some of the adverse effects of soil compaction on plant growth. This is in general agreement with results of earlier field trials, where severity of the effects of soil compaction varied with the quantity of rainfall. Key words: Soybean, common bean, soil compaction, soil moisture, nodulation, bulk density

scholarly journals Experiments on the Heaving Force of Freezing Soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 674-675
Author(s):  
Seiiti Kinosita
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
List Type ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Freezing Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Soil Block

Abstract Frost heaving of soil is accompanied by a force which often causes severe damage to structures. It was suggested by Everett that this so-called “heaving force" can be attributed to the coexistence of ice and water in micropores among soil particles which characterize the soil type and can be computed thermodynamically. However, the actual heaving force changes in a complicated manner depending on various factors including freezing speed, constraining condition for a soil block, and, of course, soil type. Measurements of heaving force were carried out on various soil samples (sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and two kinds of clays) under various freezing conditions: freezing speed in a range from 0.10 cm/h to 0.35 cm/h, presence or absence of water supply, complete or loose axial constraint applied to a soil block. In each experiment, soil was packed in a cylindrical container with a diameter of 11 cm and a height of 10 cm. A disk was placed on top of the soil contained in the container to constrain the sample either rigidly (a complete axial constraint) or less rigidly through a spring (a loose axial constraint). Main results of the measurements were as follows: (1) Under complete axial constraint, the heaving force decreased with decrease in the freezing speed and with the increase in the size of soil particles (from 6 bars to 1 bar for clay; from 4 bars to 1 bar for sandy clay loam; from 4 bars to 0.8 bar for sandy loam; from 1.5 bars to 0.6 bar for sand). (2) Without the constraint, the heave amount was almost independent of the freezing speed when there was no water supply (8 mm for clay; 6.5 mm for sandy clay loam; 3.5 mm for sandy loam; 1 mm for sand). (3) The heaving force decreased very rapidly with the loosening of the axial constraint by weakening the spring. The results indicate that it is practical to treat the heaving force phenomenologically as a kind of resistive force exerted by freezing soil on a container holding the soil. Because of a volumetric increase due to the transformation of water into ice at the freezing front, both unfrozen and frozen parts of the soil suffer some strain if the soil is somehow constrained by the container. The strains cause stresses which appear as the heaving force. A formula for the heaving force is given in which both the frozen and the unfrozen soil are treated as viscoelastic bodies.

scholarly journals Experiments on the Heaving Force of Freezing Soil

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (81) ◽  
pp. 674-675
Author(s):  
Seiiti Kinosita
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
List Type ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Particles ◽  
Freezing Soil ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Soil Block

AbstractFrost heaving of soil is accompanied by a force which often causes severe damage to structures. It was suggested by Everett that this so-called “heaving force" can be attributed to the coexistence of ice and water in micropores among soil particles which characterize the soil type and can be computed thermodynamically. However, the actual heaving force changes in a complicated manner depending on various factors including freezing speed, constraining condition for a soil block, and, of course, soil type.Measurements of heaving force were carried out on various soil samples (sand, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, and two kinds of clays) under various freezing conditions: freezing speed in a range from 0.10 cm/h to 0.35 cm/h, presence or absence of water supply, complete or loose axial constraint applied to a soil block. In each experiment, soil was packed in a cylindrical container with a diameter of 11 cm and a height of 10 cm. A disk was placed on top of the soil contained in the container to constrain the sample either rigidly (a complete axial constraint) or less rigidly through a spring (a loose axial constraint). Main results of the measurements were as follows: (1)Under complete axial constraint, the heaving force decreased with decrease in the freezing speed and with the increase in the size of soil particles (from 6 bars to 1 bar for clay; from 4 bars to 1 bar for sandy clay loam; from 4 bars to 0.8 bar for sandy loam; from 1.5 bars to 0.6 bar for sand).(2)Without the constraint, the heave amount was almost independent of the freezing speed when there was no water supply (8 mm for clay; 6.5 mm for sandy clay loam; 3.5 mm for sandy loam; 1 mm for sand).(3)The heaving force decreased very rapidly with the loosening of the axial constraint by weakening the spring.The results indicate that it is practical to treat the heaving force phenomenologically as a kind of resistive force exerted by freezing soil on a container holding the soil. Because of a volumetric increase due to the transformation of water into ice at the freezing front, both unfrozen and frozen parts of the soil suffer some strain if the soil is somehow constrained by the container. The strains cause stresses which appear as the heaving force. A formula for the heaving force is given in which both the frozen and the unfrozen soil are treated as viscoelastic bodies.

The effects of soil compaction on nodulation and growth of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Buttery ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
S. J. Park
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plant Weight ◽  
Tillage System

As part of an investigation of factors limiting nodulation in the field, cultivars of common bean were grown in a sandy loam soil that had been either deep tilled (DT) to reduce compaction or repeatedly rolled by a golf cart or by a tractor followed by a golf cart. In 1991 and 1992, the tractor-rolling treatment was replaced by a conventional tillage system. Nineteen cultivars were grown in 1990; 10, in 1991; and 4, in 1992. In general, soil compaction decreased plant growth and yield but had no adverse effect on numbers or weights of nodules per plant. In 1990, nodule numbers and weights were increased by compaction in the first sample, 35 d after planting. In a combined analysis of the four cultivars common to all 3 yr, nodule weight as a fraction of total plant weight was increased by compaction. Thus, compaction had a more severe effect on overall plant growth than on nodulation per se. Numbers and weights of nodules differed among the cultivars, but they all responded similarly to compaction. Cultivars yielded differently, depending on the degree of compaction (i.e., cultivar × compaction interaction), but, even so, the cultivar that had the highest yield in the DT plots also had the highest yield in the compacted plots. For most characteristics, the severity of the effects of compaction varied with the year, presumably in response to different weather conditions. Key words: Bean yield, common bean, nodulation, Phaseolus vulgaris, soil compaction

Soil Persistence of Dinitramine

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 650-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Poku ◽  
R. L. Zimdahl
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Field Data ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
First Order ◽  
Soil Persistence ◽  
Herbicide Concentration ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The effects of soil temperature, moisture, and herbicide concentration on the rate of degradation of dinitramine (N4,N4-diethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine) were measured in clay loam and sandy loam in the laboratory. In sandy loam, the rate of degradation increased with increasing temperature. In clay loam, the rate of degradation increased from 10 to 30 C and decreased at 40 C. Soil moisture content influenced the rate of degradation in the following order: 22>11>>2.2% (air-dry) for clay loam and 12.0 = 6.0>>0.5% (air-dry) for sandy loam. First-order half-lives ranged from 3.2 at 30 C to 47 weeks at 10 C in clay loam, and 2.3 at 40 C to 31 weeks at 10 C in sandy loam. Applications in 2 yr did not cause buildup of dinitramine in the field. A mathematical model was used in an attempt to correlate laboratory and field data.

scholarly journals Ascorbic Acid, Folic Acid, and Potassium Content in Postharvest Green-flesh Honeydew Muskmelons: Influence of Cultivar, Fruit Size, Soil Type, and Year

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (5) ◽  
pp. 843-847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene E. Lester ◽  
Kevin M. Crosby
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Dehydroascorbic Acid ◽  
Potassium Content ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Commercial Cultivars

Two important chemicals and an essential mineral (phytonutrients) for human health and well-being are ascorbic acid, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid (folic acid) and potassium. The influence of cultivar, fruit size, soil type and year on these compounds in [Cucumis melo L. (Inodorous Group)] was determined. Fully mature (abscised) commercial size fruit: 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 (fruit/0.031 m3 shipping box) from three commercial cultivars: Mega Brew, Morning Ice, and TAM Dew Improved (TDI); and one experimental hybrid `TDI' × `Green Ice' were grown on both clay loam and sandy loam soils. Total ascorbic acid and folic acid content increased with an increase in fruit size up to a maximum (size 6 or 5), then decreased with further fruit size increase. Total ascorbic acid and folic acid content for most fruit sizes were higher when grown on clay loam versus sandy loam soils. The experimental hybrid compared to the commercial cultivars contained generally higher total ascorbic acid levels and significantly higher folic acid levels regardless of fruit size or soil type. Free ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid contents were generally higher from clay loam versus sandy loam soils and in the experimental line versus the commercial cultivars. However, free ascorbic acid content was high in small fruit and remained unchanged with an increase in fruit size until size 6 or 5 then significantly decreased; while dehydroascorbic acid content linearly increased with an increase in fruit size. Potassium content averaged 1.7 mg·g-1 fresh weight for each line and did not significantly differ due to fruit size, but did for soil type and year. Analyses of variance for the phytonutrients assayed demonstrated that cultivar (genetics) always was very highly significant (P = 0.001), whereas, soil and year (environment) were not.

Movement and Persistence of Picloram in Pasture Soils of Nebraska

Weed Science ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 486-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Scifres ◽  
O. C. Burnside ◽  
M. K. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Downward Movement ◽  
Silty Clay Loam

More 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) was detected in soil samples by soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr., var. Ford) bioassay when the herbicide was applied in the fall than when it was applied in the spring to several pasture types. Downward movement was greater in sandy loam than in silty clay loam. Dissipation of picloram was greatest in the upper 12 inches regardless of soil type. More picloram was detected in the 24 to 36-inch depth from plots treated 1, 2, or 3 years before sampling than in plots sampled the year of treatment. This indicated downward movement into the subsoil.

PEA APHID CONTROL AND DI-SYSTON RESIDUES IN GREENHOUSE PEAS AS AFFECTED BY RATES OF APPLICATION, SOIL TYPE, AND SOIL MOISTURE

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 571-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. Specht ◽  
D. Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Base Exchange ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Aphid Control ◽  
Pea Aphids

Furrow applications of Di-syston (O,O-diethyl S-2- (ethylthio)ethyl phosphorodithioate) for control of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on peas under greenhouse conditions showed that the Di-syston content of the plants reflected the application rates; absorption of Di-syston by the plants was greater on sandy loam than on clay loam; concentrations of Di-syston tended to be highest in the basal third of the pea vines and progressively lower in the middle and top thirds of the plants; slight phytotoxicity occurred on the lower leaves at 4 and 32 lb per acre (4.48 and 35.87 kg/ha) of toxicant but yields were not affected; soil moisture did not affect the uptake of Di-syston in the plant. Differences in uptake may be attributed to differences in the base exchange capacity of the soils.

EFFETS DES REGIMES HYDRIQUES ET DES pH DU SOL SUR LA REPONSE AU MOLYBDENE DE LA LUZERNE

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-435
Author(s):  
J. L. DIONNE ◽  
A. R. PESANT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Moisture Regimes ◽  
Mo Content

The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in response of alfalfa (cv. Saranac) to molydbenum applications from variations in soil pH and soil moisture. To achieve these ends the test crop was grown on three replicates of the following treatments: Three soils (Ste Rosalie clay, Greensboro loam and Danby sandy loam) adjusted to approximately pH 5.0, 6.5, and 7.5 fertilized at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg Mo kg−1 of soil and maintained at three moisture levels: dry, optimal and saturated. Yields were not affected by molybdenum applications regardless of soil type, soil pH or soil moisture regimes. Mo content of alfalfa increased linearly with rates of Mo from 0.2 ppm to 23 ppm Mo. Liming soil to pH 7.2 produced the same increase of Mo content in alfalfa as applying Mo at the rate of 0.2 mg kg−1 to acid soils. Mo content of alfalfa was also slightly increased by soil moisture. A Mo content of 20 ppm or more was obtained as a result of the combined effect of molybdenum application, liming and soil moisture regimes. The exchangeable Mo content found in soils after the experiment increased with rate of Mo but decreased with increasing soil pH. The uptake of molybdenum was increased so much by liming that the Mo left in soil after cropping was decreased as soil pH increased. Key words: Mo content of soil, Mo content of alfalfa, soil pH, soil moisture, alfalfa

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