scholarly journals Effect of Notching, 6-Benzyladenine, and 6-Benzyladenine plus Gibberellin A4 + A7 on Budbreak and Shoot Development from Paradormant Buds on the Leader of Young Apple Trees

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
Steven McArtney ◽  
John D. Obermiller
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Strong Extension ◽  
Term Objective

Notching is a technique to stimulate shoot growth from paradormant buds with the long-term objective of increasing the cropping potential of fruit trees by developing new fruiting scaffolds. Notching is not commonly practiced by apple (Malus ×domestica) growers in the southeastern United States because results can be inconsistent; notched buds frequently develop into weak spurs producing a few leaves rather than strong extension shoot growth. Therefore, a study was initiated to investigate the potential of 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) to enhance the shoot growth response from notched buds on 2- or 3-year-old wood. Notching paradormant buds on the leader of young ‘Granny Smith’/‘M.26 EMLA’ (‘M.26’) trees at the pink bud stage resulted in new growth developing on 59% of notched buds; however, fewer than 4% of these extended beyond 1.0 cm in length. Spray application of a solution of 1.5 g·L−1 6-BA into the notch increased budbreak to 95% and the proportion of new growth that developed into shoots to 89%, with a mean new shoot length of 7.9 cm. In a timing study on ‘Granny Smith’/‘M.26’, the optimum budbreak and shoot growth responses to notching plus 6-BA treatment were observed between budbreak and 2 weeks after budbreak. Notching paradormant buds on the leader of ‘Fuji’/‘M.9 T337’ (‘M.9’) trees increased budbreak, with 83% of the new growth developing into extension shoots. Spray application of 0.75 g·L−1 6-BA into the notch did not increase budbreak or extension growth of ‘Fuji’/‘M.9’ compared with notching alone. Spray application of a solution of 6-BA directly into a notch made above a paradormant bud may greatly enhance budbreak and shoot extension responses in cultivars or situations where a poor response to notching alone is expected.

An evaluation of growth response of young, spaced balsam fir to 3 years of spruce budworm spraying with Bacillusthuringiensis

1984 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 404-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Piene ◽  
D. A. MacLean
Keyword(s):  
Growth Response ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Average Volume ◽  
Cape Breton ◽  
Volume Increment ◽  
Total Gain

Growth response of young, spaced balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.) to 3 successive years (1979–1981) of treatment with Bacillusthuringiensis Berliner for spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) control was examined in 20 plots on the Cape Breton Highlands, Nova Scotia. Defoliation commenced in 1976, 3 years before control operations began. Five plots were established both inside and outside the spray block, in areas that had been severely defoliated by budworm and in areas moderately defoliated. All plots in the severely defoliated area suffered heavy tree mortality, but mortality was significantly lower in the protected plots. In contrast, the moderately defoliated plots suffered virtually no tree mortality. The average volume increment of stem-analyzed trees from 1979 to 1981 was 0.63 dm3/tree for protected and 0.43 dm3/tree for unprotected trees in the severely defoliated area versus 4.15 dm3/tree for protected and 3.08 dm3/tree for unprotected trees in the moderately defoliated area. These volume increment values are equivalent to 8.8 m3/ha of growth between 1979 and 1981 for protected plots in the moderately defoliated area, compared with 6.1 m3/ha for unprotected plots. Therefore, a total gain of 2.7 m3/ha can be attributed to the 3 years of B. thuringiensis spraying. Long-term growth responses toB. thuringiensis spraying were not evaluated. Better results would be expected had protection started at the beginning of the budworm outbreak, instead of after 3 years of severe defoliation.

Rootstocks modulate the physiology and growth responses to water deficit and long-term recovery in grafted stone fruit trees

2020 ◽  
Vol 228 ◽  
pp. 105897 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismael Opazo ◽  
Guillermo Toro ◽  
Ariel Salvatierra ◽  
Claudio Pastenes ◽  
Paula Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Growth Responses

scholarly journals The effect of different stand density on diameter growth response in Scots pine stands in relation to climate situations

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 461-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Novák ◽  
M. Slodičák ◽  
D. Kacálek ◽  
D. Dušek
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Experimental Series ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Diameter Increment ◽  
Pine Stands

The effect of stand density on the resistance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) to climatic stress and subsequent response of diameter increment were investigated using data gathered from six long-term experimental series located in the typical pine regions of the Czech Republic (sandy nutrient-poor soils on the Pineto-Quercetum oligotrophicum-arenosum). Diameter growth of dominant individuals (with the largest diameter at the age before the first thinning) was measured in all variants of experimental series (control and thinned). Monthly average temperature and total precipitation were taken from the nearest climatological stations and, additionally, three climatic factors (precipitation and temperature ratio in different periods) were calculated. Diameter growth responses were analyzed in connection with long-term deviations of climatic characteristics. The effect of different stand density on diameter growth response in relation to climate situations was evaluated by cluster analysis and the variability of diameter growth response to climate situations was interpreted by the variance of correlation coefficients in groups of sample trees. The investigation confirmed the significant negative effect of meteorological drought on diameter increment of studied pine stands in the period of the last 30 years. At the same time, we observed a significant positive influence of higher spring (February, March) air temperatures on the annual diameter growth of dominant trees. The effect of stand density (in thinned stands) on the relation between diameter growth and climatic characteristic was not significant.

Examination of moisture content variation within an operational wet deck

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURENCE SCHIMLECK ◽  
KIM LOVE-MYERS ◽  
JOE SANDERS ◽  
HEATH RAYBON ◽  
RICHARD DANIELS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Time Domain Reflectometry ◽  
Water Application ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
International Paper ◽  
Content Variation ◽  
Moisture Variation

Many forest products companies in the southeastern United States store large volumes of roundwood under wet storage. Log quality depends on maintaining a high and constant wood moisture content; however, limited knowledge exists regarding moisture variation within individual logs, and within wet decks as a whole, making it impossible to recommend appropriate water application strategies. To better understand moisture variation within a wet deck, time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to monitor the moisture variation of 30 southern pine logs over an 11-week period for a wet deck at the International Paper McBean woodyard. Three 125 mm long TDR probes were inserted into each log (before the deck was built) at 3, 4.5, and 7.5 m from the butt. The position of each log within the stack was also recorded. Mixed-effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine moisture variation over the study period. Moisture content varied within the log, while position within the stack was generally not significant. The performance of the TDR probes was consistent throughout the study, indicating that they would be suitable for long term (e.g., 12 months) monitoring.

Turkish Muslims in a German city: Entrepreneurial and residential self-determination

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sarah Hackett
Keyword(s):  
Residential Patterns ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
German City ◽  
Post War ◽  
Oral History Interviews ◽  
The City ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Term Objective

Drawing upon a collection of oral history interviews, this paper offers an insight into entrepreneurial and residential patterns and behaviour amongst Turkish Muslims in the German city of Bremen. The academic literature has traditionally argued that Turkish migrants in Germany have been pushed into self-employment, low-quality housing and segregated neighbourhoods as a result of discrimination, and poor employment and housing opportunities. Yet the interviews reveal the extent to which Bremen’s Turkish Muslims’ performances and experiences have overwhelmingly been the consequences of personal choices and ambitions. For many of the city’s Turkish Muslim entrepreneurs, self-employment had been a long-term objective, and they have succeeded in establishing and running their businesses in the manner they choose with regards to location and clientele, for example. Similarly, interviewees stressed the way in which they were able to shape their housing experiences by opting which districts of the city to live in and by purchasing property. On the whole, they perceive their entrepreneurial and residential practices as both consequences and mediums of success, integration and a loyalty to the city of Bremen. The findings are contextualised within the wider debate regarding the long-term legacy of Germany’s post-war guest-worker system and its position as a “country of immigration”.

Long-term Effects of Triazol Growth Regulators on Stem Elongation of Rhododendron and Kalmia

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 436E-436
Author(s):  
Martin P.N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Response Coefficient ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Second Year

The persistence of effects of paclobutrazol or uniconazol on stem elongation was determined for several years after large-leaf Rhododendron and Kalmia latifolia were treated with a single-spray application of these triazol growth-regulator chemicals. Potted plants were treated in the second year from propagation, and transplanted into the field in the following spring. The elongation of stems was measured in the year of application and in the following 2 to 4 years. Treatments with a wide range of doses were applied in 1991, 1992, or 1995. For all except the most-dilute applications, stem elongation was retarded in the year following application. At the highest doses, stem growth was inhibited 2 years following application. The results could be explained by a model of growth regulator action that assumed stem elongation was inversely related to amount of growth regulator applied. The dose response coefficient for paclobutrazol was less than that for uniconazol. The dose that inhibited stem elongation one-half as much as a saturating dose was about 0.5 and 0.05 mg/plant, for paclobutrazol and uniconazol, respectively. The dose response coefficient decreased exponentially with time after application, with an exponential time constant of about 2/year. The model predicted a dose of growth regulator that inhibited 0.9 of stem elongation immediately after application would continue to inhibit 0.5 of stem elongation in the following year.

Poor Response to Long-term Albendazole Therapy of Hydatid Liver Cysts

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gourdas Choudhuri ◽  
Rajendranath Prasad ◽  
Bailur V. Tantry ◽  
Mahesh P. Sharma ◽  
Rakesh K. Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Poor Response ◽  
Liver Cysts

scholarly journals Growth Response of Bigcone Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) to Long-Term Ozone Exposure in Southern California

1995 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Peterson ◽  
David G. Silsbee ◽  
Mark Poth ◽  
Michael J. Arbaugh ◽  
Frances E. Biles
Keyword(s):  
Southern California ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Ozone Exposure
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