scholarly journals Optimizing Sweetpotato Production for Fresh and Processing Markets through Plant Spacing and Planting-harvest Time

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramón A. Arancibia ◽  
Cody D. Smith ◽  
Don R. LaBonte ◽  
Jeffrey L. Main ◽  
Tara P. Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Processing Industry ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Row Width

Consumption of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) has increased in the past decade in part because of its nutritional and health attributes, and because of the availability and convenience of processed products. The sweetpotato processing industry is expanding and supplying more sweetpotato products than ever before. Unlike the medium-sized roots (U.S. no.1) preferred for fresh market, large (jumbo) roots is accepted and in certain cases desired by the processing industry, and overall yield is preferred over strict sizing requirements and aesthetic appeal. Therefore, this study investigated the yield increase and grade proportions in response to plant spacing and extension of the growing period to improve profitability of the production system. Experiments with ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Evangeline’ sweetpotato were conducted in Mississippi and Louisiana during 2010 and 2011. Treatments consisted of a combination of early and late planting date and delay in harvest, in-row plant spacing, and row width. Yield increase was inconsistent with delaying harvest and appears to depend on environmental conditions at harvest late in the season. Marketable yield was consistently greater in early plantings than late plantings. Yield of U.S. no.1 grade was unaffected by delaying harvest regardless of planting date. Delaying harvest in early plantings contributed to increase jumbo-sized roots and marketable yield. The economic assessment of delaying harvest in early plantings indicated a gain in net benefit either when hand harvested for fresh market or field run bulk harvested for processing. Row width and in-row plant spacing had only a marginal effect on yield of canner grade (small-sized roots). The economic assessment of changing plant density indicated no gain in net benefit, which indicates that choice of plant density can depend on other factors.

scholarly journals Effect of Plant Density on Marketable Yield, Tuber Number, and Mean Weight of Three Tanier Cultivars

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Héber Irizarry ◽  
Angel Acosta Matienzo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
The Other ◽  
Tuber Number ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Marketable Yield

Three tanier cultivars were planted at the Gurabo Substation in August 1971 to evaluate the effect of plant density on marketable yield, number of marketable tubers, and tuber mean weight of three tanier cultivars, namely, Blanca del País, Kelly and Morada. The plant density treatments used per acre were: combinations of 3 between rows by 2 feet between plants with 7,260 plants; 3 by 1 1/2 feet with 9,680 plants, 2 by 2 feet with 10,980 plants; and 2 by 1 1/2 feet with 14,520 plants. The results showed that plant spacing X cultivar interaction was not significant. In other words, the cultivars responded similarly to the different planting treatments. The combined space planting of 2 by 1 1/2 feet with 14,520 plants per acre significantly outyielded the other spacing treatments. A significantly higher number of marketable tubers was also recorded in this treatment. None of the planting treatments had a significant effect on tuber mean weight. Aside from the plant spacing treatments, the cultivars Morada and Blanca del País significantly outyielded the Kelly cultivar. Blanca del País produced significantly more marketable tubers than the other cultivars, but Morada produced significantly heavier tubers.

scholarly journals Large Single-head Broccoli Yield as Affected by Plant Density, Nitrogen, and Cultivar in a Plasticulture System

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 792-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Schellenberg ◽  
Anthony D. Bratsch ◽  
Zhengxing Shen
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Open Market ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Rate Dependent

An open-market window has been identified in Virginia for fall broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Vegetable producers using plasticulture systems can capitalize on this opportunity by growing broccoli as a second crop after summer vegetables. The objective of this project was to evaluate suitability of two broccoli cultivars, Everest and Gypsy, for the fall production of large single-heads (>6 inches in diameter) for the fresh market. Planting density and rate of nitrogen (N) fertilizer (25, 60, and 100 lb/acre N) effects on yield characteristics were evaluated in a plasticulture system during a 3-year study (2003–05) conducted with broccoli transplants at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Kentland Agricultural Research Farm near Blacksburg, VA. The percentage of large heads was cultivar, plant density, and N rate dependent. The midseason ‘Gypsy’ produced significantly higher total yield and head weight compared with the early-season ‘Everest’. The optimum density to maximize floret production per area was 12,500 plants/acre and a supplemental N rate of 100 lb/acre. This N rate significantly (P < 0.002) improved marketable yield, large head yield, and leaf N accumulation compared with the lower rates. The data indicate that the feasibility of growing fall broccoli using a plasticulture system depends on the number of large heads produced for the fresh market. This in turn will depend on the choice of cultivar, stand establishment, and the requirement for supplemental N fertilizer over the residual level available in the soil after the first crop.

scholarly journals 212 Effects of Plant Density on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Fresh-market Sweet Corn

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 478E-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuming Hao
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
High Plant Density

In summer 1998, two sh2, fresh-market, sweet corn cultivars (`Candy Corner'—large plant size, and `Swifty'—small plant size) were grown at 5, 6.5, 8, and 9.5 plants/m2 to investigate the effects of plant density on growth, photosynthesis, biomass, yield, and quality. Biomass and leaf area per plant were not affected by plant density. Therefore, biomass and leaf area per unit area were increased with increasing plant density. Plant height, leaf chlorophyll, leaf photosynthesis, and transpiration (measured with the LI-COR 6400 portable photosynthesis system) were not affected by plant density. Total cob weight (husk off) and number of ears harvested from plants were increased with increasing plant density. However, marketable yield (number of marketable ears) was not affected by plant density and marketable cob weight (husk off) decreased with increasing plant density due to the reduction in ear size with high plant density. There was a significant increase in percentage of unmarketable ears at plant density higher than 6.5 plant/m2 with `Candy Corner'. Kernel sugar content (°Brix) in both cultivars increased with plant density. According to the results of this experiment, the optimum plant density for fresh-market sweet corn was 5 to 6 plants/m 2.

scholarly journals Plant density and nitrogen fertilization in Swiss chard

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-707 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márcia de M Echer ◽  
Tiago Zoz ◽  
Charles Douglas Rossol ◽  
Fábio Steiner ◽  
Deise D Castagnara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Swiss Chard ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Total Fresh Weight

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of plant spacing and nitrogen fertilization on Swiss chard's yield, from September to November 2009. The experimental design was of randomized blocks in split plot with four replications. In the plots were allocated the two plant spacings (0.30 and 0.50 m) and in the subplots the five doses of nitrogen (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1). The crop was harvested 90 days after transplanting. The plant spacing of 0.50 m provided increased production of total fresh weight of shoot (961.7 g plant-1) and marketable (873.1 g plant-1). However, the highest total yield (77.8 t ha-1) and marketable (64.5 t ha-1) was achieved with the smaller spacing between plants (0.30 m). The N rates applied in coverage until 160 kg ha-1 increased in a linear form the total and marketable production of fresh mass of shoots, the total and marketable yield, the N content and the N accumulation in the shoots of Swiss chard plants on the evaluated plant spacings.

scholarly journals Yield of determinate tomato cultivars grown in a closed hydroponic system as affected by plant spacing

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 258-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin M Maboko ◽  
Christian P Du Plooy ◽  
Silence Chiloane
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Fall Season ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Hydroponic Systems

ABSTRACT In South Africa there are no established spacing recommendations for determinate tomato cultivar production under closed hydroponic systems. This study was conducted to determine yield and quality of hydroponically grown determinate tomato cultivars at different plant densities. Four determinate tomato cultivars (Dynimo, Mariana, Mion and Sama) were subjected to four plant densities (10, 16, 20 and 25 plants/m2) during the spring/summer and summer/fall seasons. Experimental layout was a randomized complete block design in a factorial scheme of four plant spacing x four cultivars with three replicates. There were no significant differences in marketable yield between the cultivars tested during the spring/summer and summer/fall seasons. Cultivar Mion showed higher incidence of blossom end rot, while Mariana showed the highest fruit rot during the spring/summer season as compared to the other cultivars. During the spring/summer season, marketable yield increased with increased plant density with the highest yield obtained at 25 plants/m2 followed by 20 plants/m2. During the summer/fall season, plant density did not show a significant effect on total and marketable yield although a tendency for declined yield with increased density was observed. Number of fruit per plant as well as fruit size decreased with increased plant density during both seasons which did not have an effect on overall yield per plot area. Increasing the plant density to 25 plants/m2 can improve marketable yield of determinate tomato cultivars during spring/summer season while using a plant density of 10 plants/m2 will be more cost effective during the summer/fall season. This information will enable farmers to optimise yield and quality of determinate tomato cultivars under closed hydroponic systems.

PLANT SPACING EFFECTS ON YIELD OF THE GREENHOUSE TOMATO

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
ATHANASIOS P. PAPADOPOULOS ◽  
DOUGLAS P. ORMROD
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill ◽  
Spacing Effects

The effect of six equidistant spacings (23, 30, 38, 45, 53 and 60 cm, corresponding to 113 000, 74 000, 53 000, 40 000, 31 000 and 25 000 plants ha−1, respectively) on fruit yield of four-row plantings of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Jumbo’ and ’Ohio CR-6’) was studied over two spring and two fall seasons. Fruit was harvested and recorded separately from inside (shaded) and outside (exposed) plants of the four-row plantings. The total and marketable yield (g plant−1) of both inside and outside plants of both cultivars and in both seasons declined linearly with successive decreases in plant spacing. The rate of yield reduction of both cultivars was steeper in the spring, compared to the fall season. Also, the rate of yield reduction in the spring was steeper on inside compared to outside plants; but, in the fall, yield was similar for inside and outside plants. The response of the total and marketable yield (g m−2) of both inside and outside plants of both cultivars and in both seasons to decreasing plant spacing was described by a first or second degree polynomial. In the fall, the total and marketable yield of all plants increased (mostly) linearly with decreasing plant spacing; but, in the spring, yields were highest at intermediate spacings and declined with closer and wider spacings. We conclude that there is a greater potential for marketable yield increases, with any increase in plant density from a normal of 25 000 plants ha−1 to a maximum of 74 000 or 113 000 plants ha−1 for the cvs. Ohio CR-6 and Jumbo, respectively, in a fall greenhouse tomato crop than in a spring crop. However, with closer planting, a reduction in fruit size must be anticipated in both seasons.Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., plant spacing, greenhouse tomato

scholarly journals CULTURAL METHODS AFFECTING YIELD OF EDIBLE DRY BEANS

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 496f-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent M. Russo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Potential Production ◽  
Cultural Methods ◽  
Cultural Systems ◽  
Production Areas

The effects of planting date and plant density on total and marketable yield were examined for the edible dry beans `Aurora' and `Fleetwood', erect type I geneotype cultivars, over three years. For `Fleetwood' alone, fertilizer levels and application of a spray-on-soil polymer mulching material were examined for effects on yield. The mulching material was degraded by rain prior to canopy closure but patches were present at harvest. Using continous recording thermometers, temperatures over two week periods following sowing of `Fleetwood', from 23 cm below the surface of mulched and bare soil were converted to soil degree days (SDD). `Fleetwood' generally had higher yields than `Aurora'. Earlier planting improved yields. In one of three years increasing plant density increased yields. Increased fertilization did not affect yield. Application of mulch did not affect yield. However, spray-on-mulch did increase SDD after the earliest planting date. Cultural systems for existing production, or potential production areas, must be developed for the conditions of each location.

scholarly journals 279 Planting Systems Influence Growth Dynamics and Quality of Fresh Market Spinach

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 439C-439
Author(s):  
D.I. Leskovar ◽  
L.A. Stein ◽  
F.J. Dainello
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
High Plant Density

This study was conducted to determine the effect of within-row plant spacing and mulching on growth, quality, and yield of an experimental semi-savoy spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) genotype `Ark-310' to produce a high-quality fresh-market product. Spinach transplants were established in the field on 13 Nov. 1995 and 3 Dec. 1997. Within-row spacings were 15 and 25 cm, and mulching treatments were bare-soil and black polyethylene mulch. Plants were destructively sampled weekly (1996) or bi-weekly (1998) for leaf area (LA), leaf number, leaf dry weight (LDW); and root dry weight (RDW) measurements. Plants grown on plastic mulch at 25-cm spacing had the greater LA, LDW, and RDW than when grown at 15-cm spacing on mulch or bare-soil. Leaf number and specific leaf area (LA/LDW) were less affected by either spacing or mulching. The amount of soil on harvested leaves was lowest on plants grown on plastic mulch in both years. In one year, total yields (MT/ha) were 42% higher when plant spacing decreased from 25 cm to 15 cm, while mulch increased yields by 20 %, a response that was independent of plant spacing. These effects were not evident in the year with higher rainfall. It appears that for a root-cut or loose leaf spinach, yield efficiency and product cleanliness of `Ark 310' spinach may be further improved by combining high plant density with efficient irrigation and fertilization programs under mulch and drip.

scholarly journals Yield and Relationships among Head Traits in Cabbage as Influenced by Planting Date and Cultivar. I. Fresh Market

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1349-1354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Kleinhenz ◽  
Annette Wszelaki
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Weight Density ◽  
Equatorial Diameter ◽  
Cultivar Selection ◽  
Selected Traits ◽  
Development Evaluation

Yield and relationships among head traits were recorded in order to better understand the effects of planting date and cultivar selection on crop quality characteristics and to help increase the efficiency of cultivar development, evaluation, and selection. A total of seven cultivars of fresh market-type cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata Group) were planted in May and June of 1999 and 2000 at the OARDC Vegetable Crops Research Branch in Fremont, Ohio. Total and marketable yield, head traits (e.g., size, weight, density), and core dimensions were recorded at harvest. Main effects of year (Y), planting date (PD), and cultivar (C) and the Y × C interaction significantly affected seven to 10 of 10 head and core traits. However, the PD × C interaction was significant for head density, the ratio of head polar and equatorial diameter, and core base width. The Y × PD interaction was significant for six of 10 head and core traits. May planting tended to result in greater yield and larger, heavier heads with greater polar/equatorial diameter values relative to June planting. However, head density was unaffected by planting date. The number of head and core traits affected by planting date differed among cultivars. For example, six of 10 head and core traits were significantly affected by planting date in `Cheers' and `DPSX315' while one trait was affected by planting date in `SuperElite Hybrid'. The weight of numerous, individual, market-ready, trimmed heads showed a strong (avg. R2 value = 0.92) quadratic relationship to average head diameter. These data suggest that large-scale germplasm evaluations may benefit by including multiple plantings, as head weight, volume, diameter, and shape were affected by planting date, possibly due to variation in temperature and rainfall patterns. The data also suggest that routine measurement of numerous head traits in the same evaluations may be unnecessary, as selected traits (e.g., diameter and weight, head volume, and core volume) were strongly related.

scholarly journals Yield and Relationships among Head Traits in Cabbage as Influenced by Planting Date and Cultivar. II. Processing

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 1355-1359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Wszelaki ◽  
Matthew D. Kleinhenz
Keyword(s):  
Planting Date ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Equatorial Diameter ◽  
Head Weight ◽  
June July ◽  
Direct Measures ◽  
Core Volume ◽  
Base Width

This is the second of two related reports dealing with the effects of cultivar × environment interactions on cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata Group) crop traits. This study examined planting date and cultivar effects on physical head traits of processing cabbage and compared these findings to those from a similar study of fresh market cabbage. Six cultivars of processing cabbage were planted in May and June-July of 1999 and 2000 at the OARDC Vegetable Crops Research Branch in Fremont, Ohio. Marketable yield for each crop was determined, and measurements were taken of head weight, diameter, density, and volume, and core length, base width, and volume on more than 450 individual heads. Head and core volume and head density were calculated from these direct measures. Year, planting date, and cultivar significantly affected the majority of head traits. May planting led to higher marketable yield and heavier heads with larger diameters than June-July planting. The most variable trait across cultivars was head volume, which was affected by planting date in all cultivars. Differences between processing and fresh market cabbage were found. Average head polar/equatorial diameter values were affected by planting date in the fresh market but not the processing study. In contrast, head density and core volume as a percent of head volume were affected by planting date in the processing but not the fresh market study.

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