scholarly journals Effects of Species Proportions and Fertility on Sedum Green Roof Modules

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristoffer J. Barker ◽  
Jessica D. Lubell
Keyword(s):  
Green Roof ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Vegetation Coverage ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Modular Units ◽  
Visual Impact ◽  
Species Proportions

Nursery producers are interested in supplying sedum (Sedum sp.)-vegetated modular units for the green roof industry. This research examined the influence of three rates of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) (50, 78, and 108 g per unit of 15N–3.9P–10K, 8- to 9-month formulation) on production of modules containing one or two Sedum species. Six Sedum species were evaluated independently: ‘Angelina’ sedum (Sedum rupestre), gray sedum (S. pachyclados), ‘John Creech’ sedum (S. spurium), tasteless sedum (S. sexangulare), ‘Weihenstephaner's Gold’ sedum (S. kamtschaticum var. floriferum), and white sedum (S. album). The species were then paired as follows: white sedum/‘John Creech’ sedum, ‘Weihenstephaner's Gold’ sedum/‘Angelina’ sedum, and gray sedum/tasteless sedum. For each pair, three starting proportions of cuttings were studied. In 8 weeks, the medium and high fertility rates produced significantly more units with at least 95% vegetation coverage than the low rate. In general, increasing the fertility rate increased the fresh weight at time of harvest, except for ‘Weihenstephaner's Gold’ sedum and tasteless sedum at the high rate, which developed “melt out.” Melted-out tissues turned brown, desiccated and detracted from the visual appearance of units. ‘John Creech’ sedum and white sedum had the greatest fresh weight followed by ‘Weihenstephaner's Gold’ sedum, ‘Angelina’ sedum, and tasteless sedum. Gray sedum grew substantially slower than all other species and had the lowest fresh weight. For white sedum/‘John Creech’ sedum units, harvest fresh weight proportions were similar to starting cutting fresh weight proportions. For gray sedum/tasteless sedum units, tasteless sedum outgrew gray sedum and gray sedum was barely noticeable in finished units. Harvest fresh weight and digital image analysis (DIA) of ‘Weihenstephaner's Gold’ sedum/‘Angelina' sedum units indicated that ‘Weihenstephaner's Gold’ sedum colonized units faster than ‘Angelina’ sedum, and had greater visual impact in finished units. Units started with 25% ‘Weihenstephaner's Gold’ sedum cuttings, the smallest proportion tested, were roughly 73% covered with ‘Weihenstephaner's Gold’ sedum at harvest. We recommend growers use the medium fertility rate to produce the most units with 95% vegetation or more in the least amount of time and with reduced risk of melt out. To achieve desired final species proportions, growers may need to adjust the ratios of cuttings based on uneven species vigor.

Determinants of Fertility in Urban and Rural Kenya: Estimates and a Simulation of the Impact of Education Policy

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Hyatt ◽  
W J Milne
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Female Education ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Rural Kenya ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Number Of Births

The continuing high fertility rate in Kenya is of considerable concern as the resulting high rate of population growth makes improvements in living standards difficult, if not impossible. In this paper, the determinants of fertility in urban and rural areas of Kenya are examined through estimation of a probit model which includes variables in three categories: economic, biological, and social or cultural. Also simulated is the effect of increasing the levels of female education on the total fertility rate and the total number of births. Results show that improvements in female education can result in a substantial decrease in the number of births in Kenya, thereby suggesting that formulation of government policy in this area is desirable.

scholarly journals Selected socio-economic factors co-occurring with high fertility rate in the OECD countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Murkowski
Keyword(s):  
Family Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
High Fertility Rate ◽  
The Developed Countries

This article presents the results of examining selected factors co-occurring with high fertility rate in developed countries. Selected OECD countries at a similar stage of demographic development have been subjected to analysis. By means of cluster analysis, the selected developed countries have also been identified according to the type of adopted family policy. It has been found that the developed countries which spend more on family policy in relation to GDP are generally characterised by higher fertility rates than those which spend less. In the light of those findings, the family-policy expenditures which allow women to reconcile professional work with raising children turned out to be particularly important. The fertility rate has also been found to clearly correlate with labour market rates, with the level of women’s professional activity in particular. Moreover, in the developed countries the relatively high fertility rate is accompanied by low rates of young people who do not work or attend school and are not in vocational training, as well as a high rate of extramarital births.

Changes in demand for children between 2003 and 2013 in Nigeria: Evidence from survey data

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-29
Author(s):  
Stella Babalola ◽  
Joshua O. Akinyemi ◽  
Clifford O. Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Health Surveys ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Fertility Desire ◽  
The North ◽  
Demand For Children

Abstract Nigeria has one of the highest fertility rates in Africa. Data from 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys indicate a virtual stagnation of fertility rate since 2003. Low contraceptive use and pronatalist attitudes are among the factors contributing to the high fertility rate in Nigeria. In this manuscript, we pooled data from three most recent waves of Demographic and Health Surveys to examine trends in demand for children over time and identify the factors associated with change in demand for children. The data show that demand for children has declined since 2003 although not monotonically so. Variables that were positively associated with increased likelihood of desiring no additional children were residence in the South-West (as opposed to residence in the North-Central), exposure to family planning (FP) messages on the mass media, number of children ever born, educational level, and urban residence. In contrast, uncertainty about fertility desire was more widespread in 2008 compared to 2013 although less widespread in 2003 than in 2013. The likelihood of being undecided about fertility desire was positively associated with discrepancies in family size desires between husband and wife, parity and Islamic religious affiliation. Programs should aim to increase access to effective contraceptive methods and promote demand for contraceptives as a way of fostering a sustainable reduction in demand for children. Furthermore, strategies that address uncertainty by fostering women’s understanding of the social and health implications of large family sizes are relevant.

Are Status of Women and Contraceptive Prevalence Correlated in Pakistan?

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (4II) ◽  
pp. 1057-1073
Author(s):  
Abdul Hakem
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
High Rate ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Contraceptive Prevalence ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Populous Country ◽  
Status Of Women

Pakistan with an estimated population of around 142.5 million in mid 2001 is the seventh most populous country in the world and fourth in Asia and Pacific countries. The historical trends indicate a continuously increasing growth in population (Table 1). The population of the area now constituting Pakistan was 16.6 million in 1901. Since then the population has increased over eight-fold. Annual growth rates have risen from 1 percent in the first three decades of the century to around 2 percent in the next three decades and after peaking at little over 3 percent in the 1960s, has started showing a declining trend. Currently it is estimated that Pakistan’s population is growing at around 2.1 percent, still a very high rate of annual growth in population. Major contributing factor to the fast growth in population of Pakistan has been high fertility which has remained high for a very long period. It is evident that nearly 100 million population has been added to the population of Pakistan since 1961, that is, during the last four decades. Such rapid growth in population has several adverse implications for the socio-economic development of the country which has been offsetting the gains in social and economic development.

Decomposing the Effect of Women Educational Status on Fertility Across the Six Geo-political Zones in Nigeria: 2003-2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tubosun Alex Olowolafe
Keyword(s):  
Educational Status ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East ◽  
Fertility Variation ◽  
Fertility Differentials

Abstract Background: High level of fertility has been consistently reported in Nigeria. Women education is often identified as one of the important factors that have contributed to reduction in fertility across countries. It is essential to identify the factors that explain the fertility variation in educational status and know the extent of association of these factors across the regions in Nigeria. Thus, this study aimed to examine the fertility differentials among uneducated and educated women in Nigeria.Methods: A cross-sectional population-based design which involved secondary data analyses of the weighted sample of 2003 (n1=7620), 2008 (n2=33385), 2013 (n3=38948) and 2018 (n4=41821) Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data sets was used. Fertility was measured from information on the full births history of women aged 15-49 years. Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition was used to identify factors that explain fertility differentials among educated and not educate women (α=0.05).Result: Total fertility rate estimate was higher among uneducated women (6.7) than educated women (4.5) in 2018. The pattern was similar across the regions and survey periods. The mean children ever born among women aged 45-49 years was significantly higher among the uneducated than educated women in each of the survey year. Maternal age at first marriage, wealth index and age at first birth were contributory factors to the dissimilarities found in fertility between the educated and uneducated women. Risk difference (RD) of high fertility between uneducated-educated women was highest in South-East (RD=56.9; 95%CI=49.1-64.8) and least in North-East (RD=15.0; 95%CI=9.9-20.1).Conclusion: The fertility level in Nigeria was high but more prominent among the uneducated than educated. Improving the level of educational enrolment of women of reproductive age will facilitate reduction in the fertility rate in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of High Fertility Status among Women of Reproductive Age in Wonago District, Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Medhin Girmay Reda ◽  
Girma Tenkolu Bune ◽  
Mohammed Feyisso Shaka
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Fertility Status

Background. High fertility remains one of the most important public health issues hampering the health and welfare of mothers and the survival of their children in developing nations. In Ethiopia, the high fertility rate has been seen for a long historical period with some pocket areas of high fertility still showing poor improvement. Hence, this study was aimed at determining the magnitude of high fertility status (number of children ever born alive≥5) and associated factors among women of the reproductive age group in Wonago district. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on randomly selected 512 women in Wonago district. Data were collected using a pretested structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Data was entered into EpiData version 3.1 and then analyzed by SPSS version 25. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data, and the adjusted odds ratio with the 95% confidence interval was computed, and a significant association was declared at p value ≤ 0.05. Result. This study revealed that 354 (69.1%) of the respondents have high fertility. High fertility is independently associated with residing in rural area [AOR=4.88, 95% CI: 3.21, 7.86], desire for children [AOR=6.97, 95% CI: 3.24, 11.40], history of under-five child mortality [AOR =5.32, 95% CI: 2.59, 8.43], poor knowledge of contraception [AOR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.66, 4.04], and low wealth tertile [AOR=2.21, 95% CI: 1.51, 3.58]. On the other hand, women with age at first birth above 18 years [AOR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.68] and those with birth interval≥24 months [AOR=0, 26, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.49] were less likely to have high fertility. Conclusion and Recommendation. The substantial number of women in the study area has high fertility status far away from the country’s costed implementation plan of reducing the total fertility rate to 3.0. Considering these, much is needed to be done among poor, rural residents, who have not yet attained their desired number of children, and on enhancing the knowledge of mothers towards contraceptive methods.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Sperma Terhadap Daya Tetas dan Bobot Tetas DOC Ayam KAMARAS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moulizar Moulizar ◽  
Aman Yaman ◽  
Muhammad Daud
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Egg Fertility ◽  
Female Chicken ◽  
Local Chickens

Abstrak. Turunan hasil persilangan antara ayam lokal, ayam ras petelur dan ayam arab dihasilkan Ayam KAMARAS (Kampung - Arab – Ras).   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap fertilitas, daya tetas, bobot tetas DOC ayam KAMARAS dan Sex rasio. Konsentrasi sperma  ini berguna untuk mengetahui perbandingan jantan dan betina yang paling efisien dalam suatu pemeliharaan. Sperma ditampung dan dicampur dari 3 ekor ayam KAMARAS jantan yang berumur sekitar 7 bulan. Sperma yang telah diketahui konsentrasinya kemudian dibagi menjadi 4 bagian dan masing-masing diencerkan dengan NaCl fisiologis sehingga diperoleh konsentrasi akhir yaitu 25x106/0,5 ml (dosis 1); 50x106/0,5 ml (dosis 2); dan 75x106/0,5 ml (dosis 3) dan 100x106/0,5 ml (dosis 4). 24 ekor ayam KAMARAS betina diinseminasi untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap daya tetas dan bobot tetas ayam KAMARAS. Ayam betina yang digunakan adalah ayam KAMARAS yang berumur sekitar 7 bulan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan konsentrasi sperma tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap fertilitas telur namun disetiap perlakuan terdapat hasil yang berbeda-beda pada perlakuan P0: 25x106/0,5 ml tingkat fertilitas (100 %), P1: 50x106/0,5 ml (100%), P2: 75x106/0,5 ml dan pada perlakuan P3 terendah 83,33% diantara 4 perlakuan konsentrasi sperma yang terbaik untuk menghasilkan fertilitas  yang tinggi yaitu konsentrasi 50x106/0,5 ml. Pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap daya tetas tidak berpengaruh nyata namun disetiap perlakuan terdapat hasil yang berbeda-beda pada perlakuan P0: 25x106/0,5 ml tingkat fertilitas (100 %), P1: 50x106/0,5 ml (100%), P2 75x106/0,5 ml (100%) dan pada perlakuan P3 terendah (83,33%) dari setiap perlakuan konsentrasi sperma yang dapat meningkatkan daya tetas telur adalah pada konsentrasi 50x106/0,5 ml dengan tingkat daya tetas (100%). Pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap bobot tetas DOC KAMARAS berpengaruh nyata terhadap bobot tetas DOC pada setiap perlakuan P0 25x106/0,5 (31,1 g/butir), P1: 50x106/0,5 ml (33 g/butir), P2: 75x106/0,5 ml (32,1 g/butir) dan pada perlakuan P3 100x106/0,5 ml bobot tetas DOC sebesar (33,3 g/butir),  pengaruh konsentrasi sperma terhadap sex rasio didapat hasil pada perlakuan 50x106/0,5 ml-75x106/0,5 ml menghasilkan sex rasio DOC betina lebih dominan (66,6-75%).Effect of Sperm Concentration on Hatching Power and Hatching Weight of DAM Chicken KAMARASAbstract. Derivative results of crosses between local chickens, laying chicken and arab chicken produced Chicken KAMARAS (Kampung - Arab - Ras). This study aims to determine the effect of sperm concentration on fertility, hatchability, weight of DOC chicken KAMARAS and Sex ratio. This sperm concentration is useful for knowing the most efficient male and female ratio in a maintenance. Sperm was collected and mixed from 3 chickens KAMARAS male about 7 months old. The known sperm concentration is then divided into 4 parts and each diluted with physiological NaCl to obtain the final concentration of 25x106 / 0.5 ml (dose 1); 50x106 / 0.5 ml (dose 2); and 75x106 / 0.5 ml (dose 3) and 100x106 / 0,5 ml (dose 4). 24 chickens KAMARAS females inseminated to determine the effect of sperm concentration on hatchability and weight of hens chicken KAMARAS. The female chicken used is KAMARAS chicken which is about 7 months old.The results showed that sperm concentration treatment did not have significant effect on egg fertility but in each treatment there were different results on treatment of P0: 25x106 / 0,5 ml fertility rate (100%), P1: 50x106 / 0,5 ml (100% ), P2: 75x106 / 0.5 ml and at the lowest P3 treatment 83.33% among the 4 best sperm concentration treatment to produce high fertility ie concentration 50x106 / 0,5 ml. The effect of sperm concentration on hatchability was not significant but in each treatment there were different results on treatment of P0: 25x106 / 0,5 ml fertility rate (100%), P1: 50x106 / 0,5 ml (100%), P2 75x106 / 0.5 ml (100%) and at the lowest P3 treatment (83.33%) of each treatment of sperm concentration which can increase the hatchability of eggs at concentration 50x106 / 0,5 ml with hatchability level (100%). The influence of sperm concentration on DOC KAMARAS hatching weight significantly influenced the weight of DOC in each treatment P0 25x106 / 0,5 (31,1 g / grain), P1: 50x106 / 0,5 ml (33 g / grain), P2: 75x106 / 0,5 ml (32,1 g / grain) and at treatment of P3 100x106/ 0,5 ml of DOC hight weight (33,3 g / grain), influence of sperm concentration to sex ratio obtained result at treatment 50x106 / 0, 5 ml-75x106 / 0.5 ml result in sex ratio of female DOC is more dominant (66,6-75%).

scholarly journals In the name of the father? Fertility, religion and child naming in the demographic transition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan Connor
Keyword(s):  
Married Couples ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Fertility Rate ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Religious Influences ◽  
High Fertility Rate ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Impact

This article shows that parents reveal information about their fertility behavior through how they name their children. I arrive at this finding from detailed examination of the net fertility of 130,000 married couples in Ireland circa 1910, a country known for its historically high fertility rate. After stringently accounting for the occupation, religion and location of couples, I find higher fertility rates among couples who chose distinctly Catholic names and traditional names for their children, with the latter being particularly important. Exposure to towns and cities lowered net fertility and weakened preferences for traditional and Catholic names. Cumulatively, these findings highlight the role of traditional rural norms over explicitly religious influences in driving high fertility rates in Ireland. The impact of towns and cities in reducing net fertility suggests that Ireland’s sluggish urbanization was a key factor in its high historical fertility rate.

scholarly journals Susceptibility in the Growth of Viola tricolor `Blue' to Plant Growth Regulators and Fish Emulsion

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 852D-852
Author(s):  
Sabrina L. Shaw ◽  
William F. Hayslett ◽  
Eddie B. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Plant Growth Regulators ◽  
Growth Regulators ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
Top Dry Weight ◽  
Viola Tricolor

A one-time application of fish emulsion 2 days before the application of plant growth regulators (PGR) showed an overriding effect on the growth of pansies. Blue/blotch shades of `Medallion' pansies were placed on a constant feed program of 100 ppm Peat Lite 20N–10P–20K, with half of the pansies receiving an additional one-time supplement of fish emulsion. PGRs and rates included B-Nine, 0.5% (used as the control); uniconazole, 2 and 4 ppm; and paclobutrazol, 16 and 25 ppm. Parameters taken included plant height, top fresh weight, top dry weight, days to anthesis, and visual appearance. Significant differences were noted in the plants receiving the supplement for plant dry weight, plant height, and visual appearance. Plants receiving fish emulsion grew taller and denser than those on constant feed alone despite the effects of the PGRs.

scholarly journals Evaluating Fertilizer Influence on Overwintering Survival and Growth of Sedum Species in a Fall-installed Green Roof

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1775-1781 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Clark ◽  
Youbin Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Green Roof ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Visual Appearance ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Overwintering Survival ◽  
Substrate Fertility ◽  
Fertilizer Rates ◽  
Leaf Greenness

Vegetation success on green roofs in northern climates is challenged by extreme weather conditions, especially in winter, and is influenced by season of installation and substrate fertility. Appropriate fertilization with phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) can reduce winter injury for some plant species. The objectives of this study were to identify both the effect of P and K fertilizer rates on Sedum spp. survival over the first winter and the response of Sedum spp. growth to fertilizer rates when applied at installation. In a fall-installed extensive green roof system, survival, growth, and visual appearance of Sedum mats in non-fertilized plots (control) were compared with plots fertilized with 16–6–13 POLYON® Homogenous NPK plus Minors 3-4 month controlled-release fertilizer at 20.0 g nitrogen (N)/m2 either alone or with additional P to total 28.8, 54.4, or 80.0 g P/m2 or K to total 32.5, 51.6, or 70.6 g K/m2. Sedum mats were installed on 8 Oct. 2010 and plants in all plots survived the winter and the next year. During the 2011 growing season, vegetative coverage was not significantly different among any individual fertilized treatments; however, vegetative coverage data combined for all fertilized treatments was larger than the control. Fertilized treatments also showed larger plant height and biomass after one year, taller S. acre and S. sexangulare inflorescences, increased leaf greenness, and higher visual appearance rankings compared with the control. For individual Sedum species, S. album showed the greatest coverage in P-fertilized treatments, and effects on S. acre and S. sexangulare were treatment-dependent. Application of a controlled-release N–P–K fertilizer, without additional P or K, can be used to encourage vegetative coverage, plant growth, leaf greenness, inflorescence height, and visual appearance in fall-installed extensive Sedum green roof systems.

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