scholarly journals Plant Performance and Nutrient Losses during Containerized Landscape Shrub Production using Composted Dairy Manure Solids as a Peat Substitute in Substrate

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.L. Shober ◽  
C. Wiese ◽  
G.C. Denny ◽  
C.D. Stanley ◽  
B.K. Harbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Concerns over the environmental impact and economics of harvesting sphagnum and reed-sedge peat have increased the desire to identify acceptable peat substitutes for use in container substrates. This preliminary study evaluated the use of composted dairy manure solids as a substitute for sphagnum or reed-sedge peat in container substrates for production of woody ornamental shrubs and assessed potential leaching of nutrients. Walter's viburnum (Viburnum obovatum), sandankwa viburnum (Viburnum suspensum), and japanese privet (Ligustrum japonicum) were grown in 3-gal plastic containers with seven substrates containing (by vol.) 60% pine bark, 10% sand, and 30% sphagnum peat (S), reed-sedge peat (R), and/or composted dairy manure solids (C). Substrate composition had no effect on plant quality ratings for any species, growth index (GI) of walter's viburnum, or shoot and root dry weight of walter's viburnum and japanese privet. However, the GI of japanese privet and sandankwa viburnum was the lowest when grown in substrates containing a high percentage of reed-sedge peat (0S:3R:0C). Substrate effects on average nitrate + nitrite nitrogen leachate losses were minimal over the 88-day leachate collection period. However, the substrate containing the highest proportions of composted dairy manure solids (0S:0R:3C) generally had the highest average ammonium nitrogen and dissolved reactive phosphorus losses compared with other substrates. All substrates tested as part of this study appeared to be commercially acceptable for production of container-grown woody ornamental shrub species based on growth and quality. However, average nutrient losses from containers differed depending on the peat or peat substitute used to formulate the substrates.

scholarly journals Evaluation of 14 Butterfly Bush Taxa Grown in Western and Southern Florida: I. Visual Quality, Growth, and Development

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra B. Wilson ◽  
Laurie K. Mecca ◽  
Mack Thetford ◽  
Josiah S. Raymer
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
Southern Florida ◽  
Butterfly Bush

Plant growth, visual quality and flowering were assessed for 14 butterfly bush (Buddleja) taxa planted in western Florida (Milton) and central southern Florida (Fort Pierce). In both locations, `Violet Eyes' butterfly bush (B. weyeriana × B. lindleyana), `Honeycomb' butterfly bush (B. × weyeriana), `Moonlight' butterfly bush (B. × weyeriana), and `Sungold' butterfly bush (B. × weyeriana) generally had the greatest growth index and shoot dry weight of all cultivars. In Fort Pierce and Milton, flower dry weights of `White Profusion' butterfly bush (B. davidii), `Nanho Alba' butterfly bush (B. davidii var. nanhoensis), and `Dartmoor' butterfly bush (B. davidii × B. davidii var. nanhoensis) were among the highest as compared to other cultivars at each site, although in Milton, `Gloster' butterfly bush (B. lindleyana), japanese butterfly bush (B. japonica) and `Honeycomb' butterfly bush also had high flower dry weights. Peak plant performance varied by month, cultivar and location. At 12 weeks, plant form and color were above average for each cultivar with the exception of `Black Knight' butterfly bush (B. davidii), lindley's butterfly bush (B. lindleyana), and `Gloster' butterfly bush in the Fort Pierce location only. After 24 weeks at each location, visual quality was above average for `Black Knight', `Dartmoor', `Gloster', `Honeycomb', `Violet Eyes', and japanese butterfly bush. Peak flowering times varied with cultivar and location. At 24 weeks, flowering of `White Profusion', `Nanho Alba', `Nanho Blue', and `Nanho Purple' butterfly bush grown in Fort Pierce was 25% to 40% less than that of the same cultivars grown in Milton. At 24 weeks, `Dartmoor' had the most flowers in both locations, covering 75% of the plant canopy.

scholarly journals Plant Performance and Nutrient Losses during Containerized Bedding Plant Production Using Composted Dairy Manure Solids as a Peat Substitute in Substrate

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1516-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Shober ◽  
Christine Wiese ◽  
Geoffrey C. Denny ◽  
Craig D. Stanley ◽  
Brent K. Harbaugh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Substrate Composition ◽  
Sphagnum Peat ◽  
Bedding Plant

Recent concerns over the environmental impact of peat harvesting have led to restrictions on the production of peat in Florida and other areas. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the use of composted dairy manure solids as a substitute for sphagnum or reed-sedge peat in container substrates on the growth of Solenostemon scutellarioides L. Codd ‘Wizard Velvet’, Tagetes patula L. ‘Safari Queen’, and Begonia ×hybrida ‘Dragon Wing Red’ and to examine the nutrient content in leachate from pots. Plants were grown for 5 weeks in a greenhouse in 15-cm plastic pots with seven substrates containing various proportions of sphagnum peat (S) or reed-sedge peat (R) and composted dairy manure solids (C), each with 20% vermiculite and 20% perlite. Substrate composition had no effect on plant quality ratings, number of flowers, or root dry mass for any of the plant species evaluated. Substrate composition did not affect the growth index (GI) or shoot dry mass of S. scutellarioides ‘Wizard Velvet’ or the GI of T. patula ‘Safari Queen’. However, growth of B. ×hybrida ‘Dragon Wing Red’ (GI and shoot dry mass) and T. patula ‘Safari Queen’ (shoot dry mass only) was highest in the 3S:0R:0C substrate. The substrates containing sphagnum peat and/or composted dairy manure solids (3S:0R:0C, 2S:0R:1C and 1S:0R:2C) had the highest NH4-N losses through the first 7 d of production. The 0S:3R:0C substrate had the highest initial leachate NO3+NO2-N losses and this trend persisted throughout most of the production cycle. Significantly more dissolved reactive phosphorus was leached from substrate mixes containing composted dairy manure solids than mixes containing only sphagnum or reed-sedge peat materials through 19 d after planting. All substrates tested as part of this study appeared to be commercially acceptable for production of container-grown bedding plant species based on plant growth and quality. However, nutrient losses from the containers differed depending on the peat or peat substitute used to formulate the substrates.

scholarly journals Statistical analysis to characterize transport of nutrients in groundwater near an abandoned feedlot

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 4897-4906 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gbolo ◽  
P. Gerla
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

Abstract. Surface water from a lagoon and groundwater samples from 17 wells within and near an abandoned feedlot in northwestern Minnesota, USA, were analyzed for carbon, nutrients, and field parameters. The feedlot is surrounded by wetlands that act as receptors of nutrients from the feedlot. Q- and R-mode multivariate analyses performed on total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), total organic carbon (TOC), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), soluble or dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and total phosphorus (TP) indicated three groups of the chemical species, which reflected variability in groundwater chemistry. Factor analysis indicated approximately 82% of the variability in factor 1 was caused by TC, IC, TOC, and DRP, while in factor 2 approximately 79% of the variability was caused by NO2-N, NO3-N, and TP. In factor 3, only NH4-N contributed 31% of the variability. Groundwater isotope and spatial distribution analysis indicated reduced nitrate concentration from the source to the wetlands, with variation in NO2-N, NO3-N, and NH4-N concentrations attributed to the plant nutrient uptake, high rate of denitrification and/or the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium. This study indicated the value of multivariate analyses in characterizing variability in groundwater quality.

Mitigation of Agricultural Water Pollution in Finland: An Evaluation of Management Practices

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 529-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rekolainen ◽  
M. Posch ◽  
E. Turtola
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
Phosphorus Load ◽  
Filter Strips ◽  
Permanent Grassland ◽  
Soluble Phosphorus ◽  
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

This paper summarizes the results of recent studies concerning the agricultural nutrient load to surface waters in Finland and possible management practices for reducing nutrient losses from agricultural land. Both the nitrogen and the phosphorus load exceed the loads from municipal and industrial sources together, thus being mainly responsible for the eutrophication of surface and coastal waters. 25% of the total agricultural phosphorus load is bioavailable dissolved reactive phosphorus, and 5% of the paniculate phosphorus load is available for algae. Reduced tillage, filter strips and permanent grassland on the set-aside land are means investigated for reducing erosion and nutrient losses. Based on experiments and model simulations, it is estimated that a wide adoption of all these practices would reduce total phosphorus load by about 40%. Soluble phosphorus and nitrogen losses can be reduced by adjusting the amount and timing of fertilization and manure application to the actual needs of plants. If the whole set-aside area was under permanent grassland, the nitrogen loss would decrease by about 17%, but the effect of cover or undersown crops in Finnish conditions is still unknown. More investigations are also needed of the effects of all these management practices on the soluble phosphorus load.

A laboratory culture system for pathological and physiological studies of rooted aquatic plants

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2290-2296 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Hoffmann ◽  
J. A. Colman ◽  
K. M. Kutchera ◽  
E. V. Nordheim ◽  
J. H. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Soluble Reactive Phosphorus ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Laboratory Culture ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Mineral Salts ◽  
Reactive Phosphorus

A biphasic system was designed for growing rooted Eurasian water milfoil, Myriophyllum spicatum L., to avoid artificial characteristics of flask culture. Aquaria (21 L) containing undergravel filters, air-lift pumps, 50-W heaters, and Plexiglas lids were sterilized in 70% ethanol and assembled aseptically. Plant shoots were rooted separately in polypropylene cups containing 60 g of artificial sediment approximating natural marl. The sediment provided over 90% of the nitrogen and phosphorus in the plants after 22 days growth. Plants were immersed in a mineral-salts medium with levels of nitrogen and phosphorus comparable with lake concentrations. Aeration was at 0.15 L ∙ min−1 and ranges of temperature and light intensity were from 17 to 32 °C and 30 to 250 μE ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1, respectively. The peak photosynthetic rate was 14 mg O2 ∙ g dry weight−1 ∙ h−1. The maximum specific growth rate, 0.14 mg ∙ mg−1 ∙ day−1, occurred at 27 °C and 250 μE ∙ m−2 ∙ s−1 and lasted for about 3 weeks before light became limiting. Bacterial density, ammonium nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total phosphorus exhibited rapid changes during the first 12 days of the growth period, after which fluctuations diminished. The between-aquaria variance in shoot growth rate was insignificant (P > 0.70). When inorganic carbon in the liquid medium and phosphorus in the sediment were lowered from 2.86 to 1.14 mmol C ∙ L−1 and from 0.7 to 0.2 mg P ∙ g dry weight−1, milfoil growth was reduced by 47 and 74%, respectively. Control of the physiochemical environment, small variability, and high reproducibility make this a sensitive system for discerning various treatment effects, including those of pathogens.

scholarly journals Use of Pulp Mill Ash as a Substrate Component for Greenhouse Production of Marigold

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guihong Bi ◽  
Williams B. Evans ◽  
Glenn B. Fain
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tagetes Patula ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Quality Ratings ◽  
Substrate Ph ◽  
Root Quality

Pulp mill ash was evaluated as a substrate component in the production of greenhouse-grown French marigold (Tagetes patula L. ‘Janie Deep Orange’). Peat-based substrates (75:10:15 by volume blend of peatmoss, vermiculite, and perlite) amended with 0% to 50% (by volume) pulp mill ash were compared with a standard commercially available substrate. With the exception of an unfertilized control, each substrate blend contained 5.93 kg·m−3 14N–6.2P–11.6K (3- to 4-month release) and 0.89 kg·m−3 Micromax. Substrates containing higher volumes of ash had finer particles, less air space, and more waterholding capacity than the commercial substrate. Bulk density increased with increasing ash volume, and substrate containing 50% ash had 120% greater bulk density than the commercial substrate. Substrates containing ash generally had higher pH and electrical conductivity (EC) than the commercial substrate with substrate pH and EC increasing with increasing ash volume. In general, marigold plants grown in peat-based substrates with the addition of 0% to 50% ash had similar growth indices, flower dry weights, numbers of flowers, and SPAD values as plants grown in commercial substrate; however, plants grown in substrates containing 30% to 50% ash had lower shoot dry weights or root quality ratings than plants grown in commercial substrate. Plant growth index, shoot dry weight, and root quality rating decreased with increasing ash volume.

scholarly journals Xanthones Production in Gentiana dinarica Beck Hairy Root Cultures Grown in Simple Bioreactors

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1610
Author(s):  
Branka Vinterhalter ◽  
Nevena Banjac ◽  
Dragan Vinterhalter ◽  
Dijana Krstić-Milošević
Keyword(s):  
Hairy Root ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Gentiana Dinarica ◽  
Hairy Root Clones

The hairy root clones of Gentiana dinarica cl-B, cl-D, cl-3, and cl-14 were cultivated in parallel in diverse simple bioreactors, including temporary immersion systems RITA® (TIS RITA®), bubble column bioreactors (BCB), and Erlenmeyer flasks (EF), and evaluated for biomass production and xanthone content. The obtained results showed that TIS RITA® and BCB containing ½ MS medium with 4% sucrose provided equally good growth conditions in which the majority of the clones displayed the higher percentage of dry matter (DM%), and xanthones norswertianin-1-O-primeveroside (nor-1-O-prim) and norswertianin production than those cultivated in EF. Thin and well branched hairy root clone cl-B grown in BCB for 7 weeks was superior regarding all growth parameters tested, including growth index (19.97), dry weight (2.88 g), and DM% (25.70%) compared to all other clones. Cl-B cultured in TIS RITA® contained the highest amount of nor-1-O-prim (56.82 mg per vessel). In BCB with constant aeration, cl-B accumulated the highest norswertianin content reaching 18.08 mg/vessel. The optimized conditions for cultivation of selected G. dinarica hairy root clones in highly aerated TIS RITA® and BCB systems contribute to the development of bioreactor technology designed for the large scale commercial production of xanthones nor-1-O-prim and norswertianin.

scholarly journals Plant uptake of nitrogen adsorbed to biochars made from dairy manure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilah Krounbi ◽  
Akio Enders ◽  
John Gaunt ◽  
Margaret Ball ◽  
Johannes Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Available N ◽  
Dairy Waste ◽  
Pre Treatment

AbstractThe conversion of dairy waste with high moisture contents to dry fertilizers may reduce environmental degradation while lowering crop production costs. We converted the solid portion of screw-pressed dairy manure into a sorbent for volatile ammonia (NH3) in the liquid fraction using pyrolysis and pre-treatment with carbon dioxide (CO2). The extractable N in manure biochar exposed to NH3 following CO2 pre-treatment reached 3.36 g N kg−1, 1260-fold greater extractable N than in untreated manure biochar. Ammonia exposure was 142-times more effective in increasing extractable N than immersing manure biochar in the liquid fraction containing dissolved ammonium. Radish and tomato grown in horticultural media with manure biochar treated with CO2 + NH3 promoted up to 35% greater plant growth (dry weight) and 36–83% greater N uptake compared to manure biochar alone. Uptake of N was similar between plants grown with wood biochar exposed to CO2 + NH3, compared to N-equivalent treatments. The available N in dairy waste in New York (NY) state, if pyrolyzed and treated with NH3 + CO2, is equivalent to 11,732–42,232 Mg N year−1, valued at 6–21.5 million USD year−1. Separated dairy manure treated with CO2 + NH3 can offset 23–82% of N fertilizer needs of NY State, while stabilizing both the solid and liquid fraction of manure for reduced environmental pollution.

scholarly journals Reducing Substrate Moisture Content during Greenhouse Production of Poinsettia Improves Postproduction Quality and Economic Value

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1618-1628
Author(s):  
Yanjun Guo ◽  
Terri Starman ◽  
Charles Hall
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Substrate Moisture

The objective was to determine the effect of substrate moisture content (SMC) during poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) greenhouse production on plant quality, postproduction longevity, and economic value. Two experiments were conducted, one in 2016 with ‘Freedom Red’ and the other in 2017 with ‘Christmas Eve Red’. Treatments included two SMC levels (20% or 40%) applied in four timing of application combinations. Total production (TP) time was 14 (2016) or 12 (2017) weeks in which vegetative production (VP) occurred from week 33 (2016) or 35 (2017) to week 39 and reproductive production (RP) continued from week 40 to 47. The four timing of application treatments were 40/40 = TP at 40% SMC; 20/40 = VP at 20% + RP at 40%; 40/20 = VP at 40% + RP at 20%; 20/20 = TP at 20% SMC. After simulated shipping in the dark, plants were evaluated in a simulated retail environment with two packaging treatments: no sleeve covering or plastic perforated plant sleeves covering container and plant. At the end of greenhouse production, plants grown in 20% SMC during RP (20/20 and 40/20) had shorter bract internode length, stem length, and smaller growth index (GI), decreased shoot and root dry weight (DW), and bract and leaf surface area compared with those in 40% SMC during RP (40/40 and 20/40). Photosynthetic rate was higher when plants were watered at 40% SMC regardless of production stage compared with those in 20% SMC. Leaf thickness, petiole thickness, total bract and leaf number were unaffected by SMC treatments. Plants in 20% SMC during RP (20/20 or 40/20) had earlier bract coloring despite days to anthesis being the same for all SMC treatments. Compared with 40/40, 40/20, and 20/20 could save 44.2% or 43.6%, respectively, irrigation and fertilizer usage, and 39.1% and 47.8%, respectively, labor time. During postharvest, ethylene concentration was unaffected by packaging method. Sleeved plants, regardless of SMC treatment, received lower light intensity in the middle of the plant canopy, causing plants to have lower total leaf number due to abscission and SPAD reading at the end of postproduction. The 40/40 treatment abscised more bracts during five weeks (in 2016) of postproduction and with no sleeve had higher number of bracts with bract edge burn (BEB). In summary, reducing SMC to 20% during TP or RP reduced water usage during production and produced more compact plants with increased postproduction quality.

scholarly journals Huperzine A and Huperzine B Production by Prothallus Cultures of Huperzia selago (L.) Bernh. ex Schrank et Mart

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (14) ◽  
pp. 3262
Author(s):  
Wojciech J. Szypuła ◽  
Beata Wileńska ◽  
Aleksandra Misicka ◽  
Agnieszka Pietrosiuk
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Current Source ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Huperzine A ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Very High

This is the first report of an efficient and effective procedure to optimize the biosynthesis of huperzine A (HupA) and huperzine B (HupB) in vitro from Huperzia selago gametophytes. Axenic tissue cultures were established using spores collected from the sporophytes growing in the wild. The prothalia were obtained after 7–18 months. Approximately 90 up to 100% of the gametophytes were viable and grew rapidly after each transfer on to a fresh medium every 3 months. The best biomass growth index for prothallus calculated on a fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) basis, at 24 weeks of culture, was 2500% (FW) and 2200% (DW), respectively. The huperzine A content in the gametophytes was very high and ranged from 0.74 mg/g to 4.73 mg/g DW. The highest yield HupA biosynthesis at >4 mg/g DW was observed on W/S medium without growth regulators at 8 to 24 weeks of culture. The highest HupB content ranged from 0.10 mg/g to 0.52 mg/g DW and was obtained on the same medium. The results demonstrate the superiority of H. selago gametophyte cultures, with the level of HupA biosynthesis approximately 42% higher compared to sporophyte cultures and 35-fold higher than when the alkaloid was isolated from H. serrata, its current source for the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, the biosynthesis of HupB was several-fold more efficient than in H. selago sporophytes growing in the wild. HPLC-HR-MS analyses of the extracts identified eight new alkaloids previously unreported in H. selago: deacetylfawcettine, fawcettimine, 16-hydroxyhuperzine B, deacetyllycoclavine, annopodine, lycopecurine, des-N-methylfastigiatine and flabelline.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document