scholarly journals Low-volume Sprays to Treat Fresh-sliced Apples with Anti-browning Solution

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M.A. Toivonen ◽  
Pascal Delaquis
Keyword(s):  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Antimicrobial Compound ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Spray Treatment ◽  
Spray Applications

Use of sprays to sanitize and treat apple (Malus ×domestica) slices helps to reduce the potential for cross-contamination that can occur when treatments are done in dip tanks. This research examined several factors that may affect the efficacy of spray treatments: 1) spray volume; 2) efficacy of spray application of anti-browning solution (ABS) compared with dipping; 3) effect of slice density during spraying; and 4) effect of the addition of an antimicrobial compound, vanillin, on microbiologically associated browning. Low-volume sprays (36-50 mL·kg-1 slices) of ABS gave maximal control of browning and this was equivalent to the control afforded by a 2-minute dip in the ABS. Spray application resulted in significant reduction in incidence and severity of microbiologically associated “secondary browning” as compared with dip application. However, if more than one layer of slices were present on the support mesh during the spray treatment, then secondary browning increased. This was attributed to potential cross-contamination between layers of apples in the spray treatment. Addition of vanillin into the ABS resulted in a 50% reduction of the incidence of “secondary browning.” Low-volume spray applications of ABS can be managed such that the microbiologically associated “secondary browning” is much lower than possible with dip application.

SPRAY DROPLET DISTRIBUTION AND HERBICIDE UPTAKE IN SEQUENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF DICLOFOP-METHYL AND MCPA FOR WEED CONTROL IN BARLEY

1979 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. A. QURESHI ◽  
W. H. VANDEN BORN
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Avena Fatua ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Spray Droplet ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Droplet Distribution ◽  
Spray Droplets ◽  
Spray Volume

Uptake of 14C-diclofop-methyl {methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy propanoate]} by leaves of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) was reduced significantly in the presence of MCPA {[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy]acetic acid]}, especially the dimethylamine formulation. If the herbicides were applied separately, the degree of interference with uptake depended on the extent of overlap of droplets of the two spray preparations on the leaf surface. Spray volume and direction of spray application were important factors in minimizing the mixing of spray droplets on the leaves if the two herbicides were applied separately with a tandem arrangement of two sprayers. Such a sequential application of MCPA ester and diclofop-methyl in a field experiment provided significantly greater wild oat control than could be obtained with a tank mix of the same two herbicides, but the results were not consistent enough to recommend the procedure for practical use.

scholarly journals Spray Drift Generated in Vineyard during Under-Row Weed Control and Suckering: Evaluation of Direct and Indirect Drift-Reducing Techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Grella ◽  
Paolo Marucco ◽  
Athanasios T. Balafoutis ◽  
Paolo Balsari
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Optimum Combination ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Spray Applications

The most widespread method for weed control and suckering in vineyards is under-row band herbicide application. It could be performed for weed control only (WC) or weed control and suckering (WSC) simultaneously. During herbicide application, spray drift is one of the most important environmental issues. The objective of this experimental work was to evaluate the performance of specific Spray Drift Reducing Techniques (SDRTs) used either for WC or WSC spray applications. Furthermore, spray drift reduction achieved by buffer zone adoption was investigated. All spray drift measurements were conducted according to ISO22866:2005 protocol. Sixteen configurations deriving from four nozzle types (two conventional and two air-induction—AI) combined with or without a semi-shielded boom at two different heights (0.25 m for WC and 0.50 m for WSC) were tested. A fully-shielded boom was also tested in combination with conventional nozzles at 0.25 m height for WC. Ground spray drift profiles were obtained, from which corresponding Drift Values (DVs) were calculated. Then, the related drift reduction was calculated based on ISO22369-1:2006. It was revealed that WC spray applications generate lower spray drift than WSC applications. In all cases, using AI nozzles and semi-shielded boom significantly reduced DVs; the optimum combination of SDRTs decreased spray drift by up to 78% and 95% for WC and WSC spray application, respectively. The fully-shielded boom allowed reducing nearly 100% of spray drift generation. Finally, the adoption of a cropped buffer zone that includes the two outermost vineyard rows lowered the total spray drift up to 97%. The first 90th percentile model for the spray drift generated during herbicide application in vineyards was also obtained.

Volatility and Photodecomposition of Trifluralin, Benefin, and Nitralin

Weed Science ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. V. Parochetti ◽  
E. R. Hein
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Spray Applications

Vapor losses of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-p-toluidine), and nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline] were studied under controlled laboratory conditions using a Florisil vapor trap. No nitralin vapor losses were detected at 50 C from a Lakeland loamy sand at field capacity with an air flow rate of 0.04 m3/hr for 3 hr; whereas, 24.5% and 12.5% of trifluralin and benefin, respectively, were lost as vapors. Volatility of trifluralin and benefin increased with increasing temperatures of 30, 40, and 50 C and increasing soil moisture from air dryness to field capacity. Vapor losses from granular benefin were similar to the spray applications at 30 and 40 C. Volatilization of granular trifluralin was reduced when compared to the spray application at 40 C and 30 C but was similar for both formulations for benefin. No significant losses from photodecomposition were noted for trifluralin, benefin, or nitralin when comparing radiated and unradiated soil surface treated samples.

Application of Carnatrol™ and Timsen™ to Decontaminate Beef†

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1339-1342 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHERINE N. CUTTER ◽  
WARREN J. DORSA ◽  
GREGORY R. SIRAGUSA
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽  
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate ◽  
Lean Beef ◽  
Bovine Feces ◽  
Spray Applications

The spray application of two commercial decontaminating agents for reducing bacterial populations associated with fecal contamination on beef was examined in two separate experiments. Individual pieces of prerigor lean beef tissue were inoculated with fresh bovine feces and subjected to a 15-s spray wash (75 lb/in2, 20°C) with water or various concentrations of Carnatrol™, composed of copper sulfate pentahydrate, or Timsen™, 40% N-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride in 60% stabilized urea, and stored under refrigerated (5°C) conditions. When Carnatrol™ was applied to beef tissue at 20, 40, and 80 ppm, bacterial populations were not statistically different (P ≥ 0.05) than water-treated populations at days 0, 1, and 2. When Carnatrol™ was applied to tissues at 160 ppm, bacterial populations were statistically different (P ≤ 0.05) from water-treated tissue on all of the days examined; however, reductions were not greater than 0.58, 0.42, and 0.35 log CFU/cm2 at days 0, 1, and 2, respectively. Remaining bacterial populations resulting from spray applications of Timsen™ to tissues at 200, 400, and 800 ppm were not statistically different than remaining bacterial populations of water-treated tissues at days 0, 1, 2, or 3. Reductions in bacterial populations associated with Timsen™ were no greater than 0.40 log CFU/cm2 on any of the days examined. This study demonstrates that under conditions used in this study, spray washes with either of the two commercially available decontaminating agents were no more effective than water washes for reducing bacterial populations associated with fecal contamination on beef tissue.

scholarly journals Control of Aphids on Spinach with Imidacloprid and Other Treatments, 1996

1998 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 138-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Riley
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Hollow Cone ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Spray Volume ◽  
Spray Applications

Abstract Fresh-market type ‘Fall Green’ spinach, was direct seeded on 11 Oct 1995 in 100-cm-width beds and maintained with standard cultural practices at Weslaco, TX. Plots consisted of two rows by 10 m and were arranged in a RCB design with six treatments and four replicates. Admire (imidacloprid) was applied at planting as an 8-cm banded spray in the seed furrow. All other insecticide treatments were foliar sprays which were initiated when aphid numbers exceeded 1 per leaf. Spray applications were made on January 16, 23 and February 14 with three TX6 hollow-cone tips (Spraying Systems Company) per row. The spray volume was 284 ]/ha. Aphids were counted on one expanded leaf per plant on 5 plants per plot. An additional destructive sample was taken at harvest on 8 and 16 Feb to determine the number of gpa per 10 leaves per plot and number of root aphids per 5 mechanically extracted tap roots. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and LSD tests for separation of treatment means.

scholarly journals Application Placement Equipment for Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) Suppression along Roadsides

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis W. Gannon ◽  
Fred H. Yelverton
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Paspalum Notatum ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Technology Application ◽  
Single Pass ◽  
Application Placement ◽  
Low Volume

Experiments were initiated during 2003 and 2004 to evaluate application placement equipment for plant growth regulator (PGR) applications along bahiagrass roadsides. Recently designed equipment combine low-volume application and pesticide placement technology. Application placement equipment conceal the image of a traditional spray application. Evaluated application placement equipment included a wet-blade mower (Burch Wet Blade) and rotary-wick applicator (Weedbug™) compared with a traditional broadcast spray. Wet-blade mowers are designed to mow and simultaneously apply a pesticide solution to a cut stem or leaf in a single pass, whereas rotary-wick applicators are designed to wick a solution onto foliage. Evaluated PGRs included imazapic (9, 35, or 53 g ha−1) and sulfometuron-methyl (26 g ha−1). Bahiagrass injury varied with application placement equipment and was greater with rotary-wick applications in 2003, compared with foliar broadcast applications and the wet-blade mower. Bahiagrass seedhead suppression ranged from 31 to 60% with application placement equipment in July 2003 compared with 93% for a broadcast spray. In 2004, rotary wick- or broadcast-applied PGRs provided excellent (> 90%) seedhead suppression. Although application placement equipment may have advantages to broadcast-spray applications, evaluated equipment did not enhance bahiagrass suppression along roadsides in North Carolina compared with a foliar broadcast spray. Additional research is needed to determine if this type of application may provide consistent results with other species and compounds.

scholarly journals 1025 THE EFFECT OF METHANOL ON ORANGE FRUIT QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 575c-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinz K. Wutscher
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Orange Fruit ◽  
Tree Leaf ◽  
Swingle Citrumelo ◽  
Juice Content ◽  
Fruit Diameter ◽  
Spray Applications

Seven-year-old `Hamlin' orange on Swingle citrumelo rootstock were sprayed with 30% methanol and 0.05% Silwet surfactant. There were four treatments: one spray application 48 days, two spray applications 48 and 32 days, and three spray applications 48, 32, and 20 days before harvest on December 2, 1993, with five untreated control trees. The treatments were arranged in five replications of randomized, complete blocks throughout the orchard. There were no significant differences in fruit weight, fruit diameter, rind color, rind thickness, juice content, soluble solids, total acids, solids/acids ratio, and juice color of 30 fruit samples collected from each tree. Leaf samples collected at harvest and analyzed for 12 elements showed higher Na and Cl levels in the leaves of the trees treated with methanol once than in those treated three times.

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