scholarly journals Influence of Container Size and Medium Amendment on Post-transplant Growth of Prairie Perennial Seedlings

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Ricky D. Kemery ◽  
Michael N. Dana
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Steep Slope ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Purple Coneflower ◽  
Echinacea Pallida ◽  
Water Holding

The objective of this study was to determine whether container size or incorporation of water-holding hydrogels in the container medium would affect growth of prairie perennials transplanted on a steep slope. Seedlings of pale-purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida Nutt.), rough blazingstar (Liatris aspera Michx.), gray-headed coneflower [Ratibida pinnata (Venten.) Barnh.], and little bluestem grass [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash.], were grown in 3.7-cm (1.46-inch) diameter tubes that were either 13 cm (5.1 inches) or 18 cm (7.1 inches) long containing either standard greenhouse mix or the mix amended with hydrogels Terra-sorb AG or Liqua-Gel, or a nonhydrogel experimental compound, GLK-8924. The seedlings were transplanted to the slope in May 1994, and harvested in June 1995. After two growing seasons, plants of pale-purple cone-flower and gray-headed coneflower from the longer containers were larger (dry weight) than those from the shorter containers. The blazingstar and little bluestem were unafffected by container size. Terra-sorb AG and Liqua-Gel did not significantly affect height growth of the prairie perennials. GLK-8924-amended medium resulted in smaller or similar height plants.

The use of ectomycorrhizal conifer seedlings in the revegetation of a high-elevation mine site

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven C. Grossnickle ◽  
C. P. P. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Mine Waste ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Deep Mine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
And Control

Three conifer species, Pinnscontorta Dougl., Pinusflexilis James, and Piceaengelmannii Parry, were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungi Pisolithustinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch, Suillusgranulatus (L. ex Fr.) Kuntze, and Cenococcumgeophilum Fr. These, plus noninoculated control seedlings, were grown in a greenhouse for 8 months to assess mycorrhizal formation and seedling response. For all conifer species, top height, diameter, and seedling total dry weight were greater in the S. granulatus and control ("wild" fungus) treatments as compared with P. tinctorius and C. geophilum.In the 2nd year of the study, greenhouse container-grown conifers with ectomycorrhizae formed by the above three fungi and an unknown fungus were planted under four fertilizer treatments on a high-elevation (3200 m) molybdenum tailing pond covered with deep mine waste rock.After 4 years in the field, height growth of the seedlings (all tree species combined) inoculated with S. granulatus were greater than seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius, C. geophilum, or control ("wild" fungus). Through four growing seasons, a sewage sludge and wood-chip treatment resulted in greater height growth than the three treatments of combined inorganic N and P, P alone, and no fertilization. The combined survival for all species and all treatments was 58% after four growing seasons.

scholarly journals Improved Growth of Pecan and Ornamental Pear Trees in Containers with Water-holding Reservoirs

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 649-651
Author(s):  
Ken Tilt ◽  
William D. Goff ◽  
David Williams ◽  
Ronald L. Shumack ◽  
John W. Olive
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Lower Portion ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Root Death ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Water Holding

Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch `Melrose'] and pear (Pyrus calleryana Decne. `Bradford') trees in the nursery grew more in containers designed to hold water in the lower portion. The water-holding reservoir was obtained either by placing 76-liter containers in a frame holding water to a depth of 6 cm or by using containers with drainage holes 6 cm from the bottom. Continuous waterlogging at the bottom of containers resulted in root pruning and root death in the lower portion of the containers, but roots grew well above the constantly wet zone. Fresh weight of plant tops and trunk diameters were greater after two growing seasons in the containers with water reservoirs compared to those grown in similar containers with no water reservoirs. Total root dry weight was unaffected.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-138
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Abstract Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. ‘Olympic Wedding’. In experiment one, 7.6 liter (2 gal) and 19 liter (5 gal) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, VA, USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early fall 2000 and in late spring 2001. Plants in 19 liter (5 gal) containers had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6 liter (2 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19 liter (5 gal) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. Plants grown in 7.6 liter (2 gal) containers had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In the second experiment, 19 liter (5 gal) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early fall 2000 and late spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

scholarly journals Effects of Transplant Season and Container Size on Landscape Establishment of Kalmia latifolia L.

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 884B-884
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Hanson ◽  
J. Roger Harris* ◽  
Robert Wright
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Kalmia Latifolia ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Landscape Establishment

Mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) is a common native shrub in the Eastern United States; however, this species can be difficult to establish in landscapes. Two experiments were conducted to test the effects of transplant season and container size on landscape establishment of Kalmia latifolia L. `Olympic Wedding'. In experiment one, 7.6-L (2-gal.) and 19-L (5-gal.) container-grown plants were planted into a simulated landscape (Blacksburg, Va., USDA plant hardiness zone 6A) in early Fall 2000 and in late Spring 2001. 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the lowest leaf xylem potential (more stressed) near the end of the first post-transplant growing season, and leaf dry weight and area were higher for spring transplants than for fall transplants. For spring transplants, 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings, but 19-L (5-gal.) plants had the highest visual ratings for fall transplants three growing seasons after transplanting. 7.6-L (2-gal.) plants had the highest % canopy volume increase after three post-transplant growing seasons. In experiment two, 19-L (5-gal.) plants were transplanted into above-ground root observation chambers (rhizotrons) in early Fall 2000 and late Spring 2001. Roots of fall transplants grew further into the backfill than spring transplants at the end of one post-transplant growing season. Overall, our data suggest that smaller plants will be less stressed the first season after transplanting and will likely stand a better chance for successful establishment in a hot and dry environment. Fall is the preferred time to transplant since capacity for maximum root extension into the backfill will be greater than for spring transplants.

scholarly journals Container Size and Initial Trunk Diameter Effects Growth of Acer rubrum L. During Production

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Donna C. Fare
Keyword(s):  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine container size and liner (young bare root trees) trunk diameter effects on growth of Acer rubrum L. ‘Franksred’, Red Sunset™ red maple. In experiment 1, maples liners with initial mean trunk diameters of 12.2 mm (0.5 in), 15.9 mm (0.6 in), and 22.3 mm (0.9 in) were potted in 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) containers and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Height and trunk diameter growth at the end of each growing season were affected by both the initial liner trunk diameter and container size. During year 1, liners with an initial trunk diameter of 12.2 mm (0.5 in) increased 28 and 70% more in height growth compared to liners initially 15.9 mm (0.6 in) and 22.3 mm (0.9) in trunk diameter, respectively. Twenty three percent more height growth occurred with maples in 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. Trunk diameter growth increased 50% more with 12.2 mm (0.5 in) liners compared to 22.3 mm (0.9 in) liners. A 25% increase in trunk diameter growth occurred with liners potted in 56.8 liter (#15) compared to 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At the end of the second growing season, final tree size was similar with liners that were initially 12.2 mm (0.5 in) and 15.9 mm (0.6 in) liners in trunk diameter to those initially 22.3 mm (0.9 in) when potted into 37.8 liter (#10) and 56.8 liter (#15) containers. In experiment 2, maple liners with trunk diameters 17.5 mm (0.7 in), 20.5 mm (0.8 in), and 29.0 mm (1.1 in) were potted in container sizes 26.5 liter (#7), 37.8 liter (#10), and 56.8 liter (#15) and grown for 18 months (2 growing seasons). Liners grown in 56.8 liter (#15) containers had 92% more height growth and 48% more trunk diameter growth than with liners in 26.5 liter (#7) containers. At termination, the shoot dry weight was 41% larger with maples in 56.8 liter (#15) containers compared to those grown in 26.5 liter (#7) containers.

scholarly journals Plug Characteristics and Post-transplanting Container Size affect Growth of Little Bluestem and Lanceleaf Coreopsis

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Jonathan I. Watkinson ◽  
Wallace G. Pill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Relative Growth Rate ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Root Restriction

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine the effects of several factors on growth of containerized lanceleaf coreopsis (Coreopsis lanceolata L.) and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash.). In the first study, seeds were sown in 22 cm3 (1.3 in3) plug cells and then transplanted, with or without root disturbance (manually teasing roots from the root ball and directing them radially from the plant axis) into 3.78 liter (1 gal) containers at 35 days (young) or 49 days (old) after planting. By 35 days after transplanting, old transplants of both species had greater shoot dry weight than young ones even though the latter had greater shoot relative growth rate and shoot net assimilation rate between 0 and 35 days after transplanting (DAT). By 107 DAT, old Schizachyrium transplants had more shoot dry weight than young ones, but Coreopsis shoot dry weight was unaffected by transplant age. Root disturbance, irrespective of transplant age and species, decreased shoot dry weight at 35 DAT and decreased shoot relative growth rate between 0 and 35, but had no effect on these variables by 107 DAT. In the second study, transplants were raised in small (22 cm3, 1.4 in3) or large (84 cm3, 5.1 in3) cells, then transplanted at 62 or 76 days after planting, respectively, (to assure similar shoot size to plug cell volume ratio and to avoid root restriction) into small (15 cm, 6 in) or large (20 cm, 8 in) diameter standard pots. Shoot dry weights of both species were greater from large plug cell transplants by 35 DAT, but only of Coreopsis by 107 DAT. Large post-transplanting containers further contributed to the growth advantage of transplanting plants from large plug cells, responses that could be attributed to greater supplies of water nutrients in larger plug cells and post-transplanting containers.

Identifying Native Prairie Grass Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 450e-451
Author(s):  
Virginia A. Gaynor ◽  
Mary Hockenberry Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Panicum Virgatum ◽  
Schizachyrium Scoparium ◽  
Sorghastrum Nutans ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
Switch Grass ◽  
Little Bluestem ◽  
Prairie Grass ◽  
Central United States ◽  
Prairie Restorations ◽  
Sideoats Grama

There is great interest in prairie gardens and prairie restorations in the central United States. Small prairie gardens are often established with plugs, but most restorationists and landscape contractors use seed for large plantings. If initial establishment is poor, restorations are often interseeded the second or third season. However, to evaluate early establishment and determine if interseeding is necessary, contractors must be able to identify native grasses in the seedling and juvenile stages. In this study we investigated vegetative characteristics of native prairie grass seedlings. Seven species of native prairie grass were grown in the greenhouse: Andropogon gerardii (big bluestem), Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass), Panicum virgatum (switch grass), Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), Bouteloua curtipendula (sideoats grama), Elymus canadensis (Canada wildrye), and Bromus kalmii (Kalmís brome). Every 2 to 3 weeks after germination, seedlings were photographed, pressed, and mounted. Additional photographs were taken through the dissecting scope at key stages of development. Ligules and auricles were found to be useful in distinguishing species, and our close-up photographs highlight these structures. Hairiness and color were variable within a species and could not be used reliably in identification. A seedling identification key will be presented for the species studied.

scholarly journals Four Site-Preparation Techniques for Regenerating Pine-Hardwood Mixtures in the Piedmont

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 116-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Waldrop
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Southern Appalachian ◽  
Medium Quality ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Preparation Techniques

Abstract Four variations of the fell-and-burn technique, a system developed to produce mixed pine-hardwood stands in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, were compared in the Piedmont region. All variations of this technique successfully improved the commercial value of low-quality hardwood stands by introducing a pine component. After six growing seasons, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) occupied the dominant crown position and oaks the codominant position in fell-and-burn treated stands on poor to medium quality sites. The precise timing of felling residual stems, as prescribed by the fell-and-burn technique, may be flexible because winter and spring felling produced similar results. Although summer site preparation burns reduced hardwood height growth by reducing the length of the first growing season, they did not improve pine survival or growth. Pines were as tall as hardwoods within four growing seasons in burned plots and within six growing seasons in unburned plots. Additional research is needed to determine the level or intensity of site preparation needed to establish pine-hardwood mixtures over a range of site conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):116-122.

Stabilité phénotypique de la croissance en hauteur et cinétique journalière de la pression de sève et de la transpiration chez le pin maritime (Pinuspinaster Ait.)

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 936-946 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Guyon ◽  
A. Kremer
Keyword(s):  
Sand Dune ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Coastal Sand Dune ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Coastal Sand ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Physiologic Activity ◽  
Response To Environmental Change ◽  
Pin Maritime

A study of geographic variation of maritime pine (Pinuspinaster Ait.) 9 years old, regarding height growth, transpiration and sap pressure daily kinetics has been performed in two sites, one in coastal sand dune and the other one in a more interior well-drained sandy moor. Successive height increments were measured from the 4th to the 9th year of growth and the year × provenance interaction was investigated. Transpiration and sap pressure were measured on 2-year-old needle fascicles. Results show discriminant variations between provenances and suggest some hypotheses about the possible ways of natural selection concerning drought resistance. The provenances North Landes (France) and Leiria (Portugal) grow best and strongly react to any variation of environmental factors as reflected by the high value of the slope of their regression lines (regression of their annual mean on the overall annual mean). Such a genotypie instability coincides with an intense physiologic activity (large flux of water correlated with a strong loss of weight by transpiration, reaching after 3 min 2% of the total dry weight of the separated needles and associated with the lowest sap pressure when the sun is around zenith). On the contrary, the Morocan provenance Tamjoute shows a large stability; its daily curves of transpiration and sap pressure reach early their maximum and minimum and therefore express a stress avoidance. Between these two extreme behaviours, the provenances Cazorla (south Spain) and Porto-Vecchio (Corsica) have intermediate values of transpiration and sap pressure, and their height growth shows a relative stability of response to environmental change.

scholarly journals Методы оценки продуктивности представителей рода эхинацея (Echinacea Moench) прегенеративного периода онтогенеза

2013 ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
С. В. Поспелов
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Purple Coneflower ◽  
Echinacea Pallida ◽  
First Time

За багаторічними дослідженнями ехінацеї пурпурової (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench,) сорту Зірка Миколи Вавилова та ехінацеї блідої (Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.) сорту Красуня Прерій вперше розроблені й запатентовані методи визначення продуктивності рослин прегенеративного періоду онтогенезу. Методики засновані на регресійних моделях із високими коефіцієнтами детермінації, на підставі яких можна без пошкодження рослин провести оцінку продуктивності надземної частини та кореневої системи протягом веґетаційного періоду. Вихідними даними для розрахунків слугують показники довжини і ширини листковоїпластинки, їх кількість, а також сума температур вище 5 0С і кількість діб від сівби. On the basis of long-term researches of Purple Coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) variety «Zirka Mykoly Vavylova» and Pale Coneflower (Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) variety «Krasunja Preriy» for the first time ever there were developed and patented the methods for determining the efficiency of plants in pregenesic period of ontogeny. The foundation of methodology was made on the studies of regression models with high coefficients of determination which allow to make the estimation of aerial parts and root system productivity for the whole growing season without damaging the plants. The input data for the calculation are the indicators of the length and width of the leaf blade, the amount and the sum of temperatures above + 5 ºC and the number of days from sowing.

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